species

species
2	Bradypodion		fischeri	Fischer's Chameleon, Usambara (Uluguru) Two-Horned Chameleon	<i>Chamaeleon fischeri, Chamaeleo fischeri.</i> For alternate genus names <a href="tax.asp?id=3">click here for a species list of <i>Bradypodion</i> </a>	Nieden	1913	Medium	Eggs	Experienced	<i>B. fischeri</i> is indigenous to the montane regions in Eastern Africa (Tanzania, Kenya) Subspecies: <i>B. fischeri fischeri</i> inhabits region from the Nguru Mountains to the eastern Usambara Mountains, Tanzania. <i>B. fischeri multituberculatum</i> is found in the western Usambara Mountains,Tanzania <i>B. fischeri ulugurensis</i> inhabits the Uluguru Mountains, Tanzania. <i>B. fischeri excubitor</i> is known only from Mt. Kenya, Kenya. Some authors have recently described a fifth subspecies, temporarily referred to as <i>B. Fischeri "species nouveau"</i> from the eastern Usambara Mountains to southeastern Kenya but this designation is, at best, tentative. Description: <i>B. fischeri</i> is a medium-sized to large montane chameleon. The largest animals of this species reach an adult length form 15-16". White, yellow, lime to olive green, grey, brown and black colouration dominates the males. The females are mainly green with yellow patterns. The male's dorso-ventrally flattened rostral process is quite distinctive and can reach a length of 1" (20 mm). A dorsal crest of conical scales reaches the middle of the tail in the males. In the females it ends at the front third of the body. Subspecies dictinctions: <i>B. f. fischeri</i>. The rostral process is of equal width from base to tip with few serrated scales. The dorsal rim is straight. There are only small scales in the dorsal crest in the front third of the back. The females sport small rostral processes of several mm length and there are some tubercular scales in the front third of the back. <i>B. f. multituberculatum</i>: The rostral process is wider at the base and has a rounded tip. The upper rim has a serrated appearance and the dorsal crest has pronounced tubercular scales, decreasing in size caudally. Females have small, round horn buds and pronounced scales on the on the dorsum that extend to the middle of the body. <i>B. f. ulugurensis</i>: The head is shorter than in the other subspecies. The casque is elevated backwards and its shorter rostral process bends downwards. The upper rim is serrated in appearance and the dorsal crest is pronounced. Femles lack horn buds and have multiple, small scales in the neck. Both sexes have a pale whitish lateral stripe. <i>B. fischeri "species nouveau"</i>: The rostral process is wider at the base than at the tip and bend bend downwards. It is lightly serrated with some pronounced tubercular scales in the first third of the back and the tail base, females lack horns as well as a dorsal crest. Habitat: Moist, moderate climate montane forests, mainly in bushes and small trees at forest edges at an elevation from 2400 – 5100 ft. Temperature varies only slightly throughout the year. Captive Care: Individual housing is recommended, <i>B. fischeri</i> tend to feed on smaller lizards as well as the usual insects. Caging, temperature, humidity, lighting, hydration, and feeding requirements are identical to those for other common species from montane rainforests. See the requirements for <i>C. jacksoni xantholophus</i> Breeding: The whole <i>fischeri</i> group is egg-laying.As long as there are no seasonal temperature changes breeding occurs throughout the year. The female should be introduced into the male's cage. If the female is receptive she will tolerate the male´s approach without aggression. If the females rejects the male, the animals should be separated immediatedly. The eggs are buried after a gestation period of about eight weeks. There should be a layer of a slightly moist soil-sand mixture at least 8-10" deep in the female´s cage. The female starts roaming the cage and reduces food intake several days before egg-laying. She starts digging a tunnel and deposits her eggs at its end. The soil temperature at the laying site should be around 65-68°F. The clutch size varies between 12 and 20 eggs. During gestation the females should be fed daily with a mineral and vitamin balanced diet to avoid problems in egg-laying. The eggs should be removed from the cage and should be placed in an incubator. As substrate, Vermiculite, and in the last few years, Seramis (used in hydroponics) can be recommended. The substrate shouldn´t be kept too wet (Vermiculite:Water in a ratio of 1:1). Small plastic boxes ( e.g. Tupperware ) are filled halfway with the substrate and the eggs are buried so that 2/3 of the egg are below the surface and 1/3 of the egg above it. When put into the substrate the eggs mustn´t be turned or twisted. The lid is closed and the box is put into the incubator. If the lid is opened once a week for monitoring no additional air holes are necessary. Condensed water has to be replaced carefully, but the substrate should not be too wet. The daytime incubation temperatures should be around 71-73°F with a night drop to 62-64°F for six months, after that 1-2°C warmer. Under these conditions the babies hatch after 8-11 months depending on the subspecies. Shortly before hatching the eggs start to sweat, showing little drops of fluid on the shell. The eggs then start to crumple. Healthy babies slit the egg shell at this time with a small process on their noses, but remain inside the egg from several hours to as long as 24 hours. After hatching the babies start immediately to roam the incubation box, drying out the remains of the yolk sac. The babies can be raised in small groups at first, but should be housed individually after 2-3 months. Temperature and humidity conditions are similar to those of the adults although the temperature should be kept slightly lower. Humidity is important as is mineral and vitamine supplementation. Sexual maturity occurs at 9-12 months but breeding is best delayed until 14-16 months. Maximum lifespan in captivity is approximately 6-7 years. (Contributed by Juergen Pietschmann. Translated by Stefan Dangel.) <b>References</b> Abate, A. and Kalisch, K. Chameleon profile: Chamaeleo fischeri fischeri. Chameleon Information Network Journal #16, 16-24. 1995. Bartlett, R. D. and Bartlett, P. 1995. Chameleons: A Complete Pet Owner's Manual. Barron's Educations Series, Hauppuage, NY Davison, Linda J. 1997. Chameleons: Their Care and Breeding. Hancock House Publishers, Blaine, WA. Klaver, C. & W. Böhme. 1997. Chamaeleonidae. Das Tierreich, 112: i-xiv' 1 - 85. Verlag Walter de Gruyter & Co., Berlin, New York. Le Berre, F. 1994. The New Chameleon Handbook. Barron's Educational Series. Martin, J., 1992. Masters of Disguise: A Natural History of Chameleons. Facts On File, Inc., New York, NY. Necas, P. 1999. Chameleons: Nature's Hidden Jewels. Krieger Publishing Company, Malabar, FL. Schmidt, W., Tamm, K. and Wallikewitz, E. 1994a. Chameleons, Volume I: Species. T.F.H. Publications, Neptune City, NJ. Schmidt, W., Tamm, K. and Wallikewitz, 1994b. Chameleons, Volume II: Care and Breeding. T.F.H. Publications, Neptune City, NJ.
3	Bradypodion		tavetanum	Taveta or Dwarf Fischer's or Two-horned Chameleon	<i>Bradypodion fischeri tavetanum, Chamaeleon tavetanus, Chamaeleon tavetensis, Chamaeleo abbotti, Chamaeleo taitensis, Chamaeleon tavetensis, Chamaeleo tavetensis, Chamaeleo fischeri tavetanus.</i> For alternate genus names <a href="tax.asp?id=3">click here for a species list of <i>Bradypodion</i> </a>	Steindachner	1891	Medium	Eggs	Experienced	<i>Bradypodion tavetanum</i> is found in isolated pockets of forest edges, shrubs and even nature-like gardens of east-Africa, on the slopes of Mt. Meru and Kilimanjaro (Tanzania) and the Teita Mountains of Kenya. Sometimes shy and nervous towards the keeper, males are quite aggressive amongst themselves. Sometimes the males will stress unreceptive females. Males grow to 8 inches. Females are slightly smaller. SVL is to 3.5 inches and adult weights are approximately 3.5 inches. Males have a flat casque, a sharp lateral crest, and sport two horns. Females have only two small rostrals. The males also have a dorsal crest along the first third of their back. This crest is lacking in the females. The basic colouration is brown and green. Females sometimes have a red stripe at the back of their smaller crest. The sexes are easily distinguished by presence or absence of the rostral processes. Captive Care: The cage for one animal should be 2´x 2´x 3´. Individual housing is recommended since this species is a bit nervous. A dense foliage is necessary for hiding and also for taking up water droplets. The cage does not have to be entirely screened since the animals require a higher humidity. Misting at least twice day is a necessity. A dripper may also be installed. This species also benefits from outdoor housing during the warm season. Day temperatures should be around 77°F with a night drop to 60-70 F. B. tavetanum readily accepts most insects of appropiate size such as crickets, flies, small locusts and roaches. Breeding/incubation techniques: After introducing the female into the male's cage, copulation takes place after a short head bobbing ritual. Approximately 40 days after mating, the female lays up to 12 eggs. If incubated at room temperature, the babies hatch after 220 days. If incubated at 73°F during the day and 60°F at night, the hatching takes place after nine months. The babies measure 1“ at hatching. The babies will feed on the usual Drosophila and pin-head crickets. It is important to keep the hatchlings at temperatures lower than 77°F. The young reach sexual maturity at 9-12 months. One - two clutches are laid per year. (Contributed by Stefan Dangel.) <b>References</b> Klaver, C. & W. Böhme. 1997. Chamaeleonidae. Das Tierreich, 112: i-xiv' 1 - 85. Verlag Walter de Gruyter & Co., Berlin, New York. Martin, J., 1992. Masters of Disguise: A Natural History of Chameleons. Facts On File, Inc., New York, NY. Necas, P. 1999. Chameleons: Nature's Hidden Jewels. Krieger Publishing Company, Malabar, FL. Schmidt, W., Tamm, K. & Wallikewitz, E. 1996. Chamäleons -Drachen unserer Zeit. Herpetologischer Fachverlag, Muenster.
4	Bradypodion		tenue	Usambara Soft-horned Chameleon	<i>Chamaeleo tenuis.</i> For alternate genus names <a href="tax.asp?id=3">click here for a species list of <i>Bradypodion</i> </a>	Matschie	1892	Small	Eggs	Expert	<i>B. Tenue</i> is a rainforest dweller restricted to the Shimba hills in Kenya and the Usambara Mts in Tanzania, where it can be found in altitudes up to 1000 meters(Broadley & Howell, 1991). The area is cool and damp with an annual rainfall of over 2000 mm. There is a minor rainy season from mid-November to the beginning of January. The main rainy season is from March to May, followed by a dry-season from June to October Captive Care: Should probably be kept like species such as <i>Bradypodion fischeri, Chamaeleo deremensis and Bradypodion spinosum</i> as it is found in the same area as these species. The colors of <i>B.tenue</i> consist of brown and grey. The maximum size is about 6 inches (15 cm) in total length. Virtually nothing is known about its captive husbandry although it should probably be treated similarly to other species of the region such as <i>C. deremensis</i>. (Contributed by Bo Ikkala) <b>References</b> Broadley, D. G. & Howell, K. M. 1991. A Checklist of the reptiles of Tanzania with synoptic keys. Syntarsis 1, 1-70. Durst, A. &Rimmerle, A. 2001. Vorstellung der in der ZG Chamaeleonidae gezüchteten Chamäleons Teil VII: Chameleo Deremensis. Sauria, 23(1). Klaver, C. and Boehme, W. 1997. "Lister der rezenten Amphibien und Reptilien: Chamaeleonidae." Das Tierreich, Berlin. Le Berre, F. 1994. The New Chameleon Handbook. Barron's Educational Series. Martin, J., 1992. Masters of Disguise: A Natural History of Chameleons. Facts On File, Inc., New York, NY. Necas, P. 1999. Chameleons: Nature's Hidden Jewels. Krieger Publishing Company, Malabar, FL. Schmidt, W., Tamm, K. & Wallikewitz, E. 1996. "Chamäleons -Drachen unserer Zeit." Herpetologischer Fachverlag, Muenster.
5	Brookesia		minima	Nosy Be Pygmy or Pygmy Leaf Chameleon	<i>Brookesia tuberculata, Brookesia peyrierasi</i>. For alternate genus names <a href="tax.asp?id=5">click here for a species list of <i>Brookesia</i> </a>	Boettger	1893	Small	Eggs	Experienced	Revised 3/10/01 <i>Brookesia minima</i> forms a species group with <i>B. dentata, B. tuberculata</i>, a recently described form from Tsingy de Bemaraha and several undescribed species. Although <i>B. minima</i> is often said to be the smallest of all the Chamaeleonidae, other members of this group may be even smaller. <i>B. minima</i> inhabits the rainforest floor of Nosy Be Island off the north-west coast of Madagascar. More recently, specimens have also been obtained from Manongarivo on Madagascar's northwest coast (Pronk, personal communication). Females attain a total length of barely 4 inches. Compared to females, males are slightly smaller and more slender in both the ventro-dorsal and lateral planes. Males also exhibit a hemipenial bulge at the tail base. The head is flattened and lacks main formations. The orbital crest exhibits enlarged scales which form triangular supraorbital plates. There are two rows of granular protrusions along the back. Basic coloration is a drab grayish brown. Yellowish lateral stripes may be present. <i>B. minima</i> is reported to be quite active, inhabiting low branches and leaf litter. They are reportedly only moderately aggressive toward each other and population densities in the wild may approach 1 animal per square meter. Nonetheless, individual housing is recommended, even for juveniles. Females typically lay only 2 eggs in a clutch. The frequency of laying is, however, unknown. Few succcessful examples of captive breeding have been reported. It is typically recommended that B. minima be kept in glasss enclosures of at least 16”x16”x16”(16”=~40 cm). Because these animals typically remain in the lower reaches of the enclosure, increasing the enclosure’s length and width is more important than increasing its height. As with most members of this genus, a substrate of soil and leaf litter is typically recommended. Because the eggs are so small and difficult to locate it is often suggested that they be permitted to incubate in situ. (Contributed by E. Pollak) <b>References</b> Klaver, C. & W. Böhme. 1997. Chamaeleonidae. Das Tierreich, 112: i-xiv' 1 - 85. Verlag Walter de Gruyter & Co., Berlin, New York. Martin, J., 1992. Masters of Disguise: A Natural History of Chameleons. Facts On File, Inc., New York, NY. Necas, P. 1999. Chameleons: Nature's Hidden Jewels. Krieger Publishing Company, Malabar, FL.
6	Brookesia		superciliaris	Horned Leaf Chameleon	<i>Chamaeleo brookseii, Chamaeleo brookesiana, Chamaeleon brookesii, Chamaeleo superciliosus, Chamaeleon brookesia</i>. For alternate genus names <a href="tax.asp?id=5">click here for a species list of <i>Brookesia</i> </a>	Kuhl	1820	Small	Eggs	Experienced	Revised 2/16/01 <i>B. superciliaris</i> inhabits the rain forest floor of the east coast of Madagascar and Nosy-Boraha Island where they are reportedly found in local abundance. Overall length is up to 4 inches. Like <i>B. minima</i>, these tiny animals are reported to be timid but highly active. <i> B. superciliaris</i> is one of the larger members of the genus. The head is flattened and possessed of a thorny caudal casque. The orbital crest has two triangular plates formed by enlarged scales. There are 5 "thorns" formed by enlarged scales along the jaws just below the anterior tip of the jaw. A row of thorns is found dorsally along each side of the spine. Color-changing ability is poorly developed. Brown, dirty yellow and black splotches predominate. Males exhibit a swollen tail base (hemipenial bulge). Females lay 2-5 eggs and may have 2-3 clutches per year. As with all members of this genus, captive care is difficult and long term breeding success virtually nonexistent. (Contributed by E. Pollak) <b>References</b> Klaver, C. & W. Böhme. 1997. Chamaeleonidae. Das Tierreich, 112: i-xiv' 1 - 85. Verlag Walter de Gruyter & Co., Berlin, New York. Martin, J., 1992. Masters of Disguise: A Natural History of Chameleons. Facts On File, Inc., New York, NY. Necas, P. 1999. Chameleons: Nature's Hidden Jewels. Krieger Publishing Company, Malabar, FL.
7	Brookesia		thieli	Thiel's Pygmy Chameleon	<i>Brookesia antoetrae</i>. For alternate genus names <a href="tax.asp?id=5">click here for a species list of <i>Brookesia</i> </a>	Brygoo & Domergue	1969	Small	Eggs	Experienced	Revised 02/16/01 <i>B. thieli</i> is a timid chameleon, locally abundant in the rain forest floor of eastern Madagascar. Females grow to 4 inches. Males are slightly smaller. Two triangular plates above the eyes project from a flattened head with a low casque. Two small horns project from the snout, half way between the eyes and rostrum. A row of thorns is apparent on each side of the backbone from the tail to the pelvis. Coloration is primarily gray, yellow-brown and brown. Males exhibit a hemipenial bulge (i.e., swollen tail base) and have tails that are slightly longer than their bodies. Little is known about their captive care but they are oviparous, lay 2 eggs per clutch and typically lay 2 clutches per year. Sexually maturity is reached at approximately 5 months. (Contributed by E. Pollak) <b>References</b> Klaver, C. & W. Böhme. 1997. Chamaeleonidae. Das Tierreich, 112: i-xiv' 1 - 85. Verlag Walter de Gruyter & Co., Berlin, New York. Martin, J., 1992. Masters of Disguise: A Natural History of Chameleons. Facts On File, Inc., New York, NY. Necas, P. 1999. Chameleons: Nature's Hidden Jewels. Krieger Publishing Company, Malabar, FL. Raw, L. R. G., 1976. A survey of the dwarf chameleons of Natal, South Africa, with descriptions of three new species (Sauria: Chamaeleonidae), Durban Museum Novitates 11 (7): 139-161.
8	Calumma		parsonii parsonii	Parson's Chameleon	<i>Chamaeleo parsonii</i>. For alternate genus names <a href="tax.asp?id=7">click here for a species list of <i>Calumma</i> </a>	Cuvier	1824	Large	Eggs	Expert	This largest and arguably most magnificent of the Chamaeleonidae inhabits the cool, forested zone of eastern Madagascar and Ile. Ste. Marie. <i>C. parsonii cristifer</i> (q./v.) is restricted to the highland primary montane forests around Perinet (Andasibe). While some populations are under pressure from deforestation, recent reports of some locally abundant populations and colonization of both secondary forests and even plantations, give some cause for guarded optimism. <i>C. p. parsonii</i> has been documented at up to 27.75 inches total length. Unconfirmed reports exist of specimens up to 32 inches. <i>C. p. cristifer</i> is reported to grow to 19 inches. <i>C. parsonii</i> are only moderately aggressive toward conspecifics and tend to be timid toward keepers. Long term breeding success has been achieved by very few keepers and only the most expert keepers should attempt to maintain this most prized (and correspondingly expensive) species. <i>C. parsonii</i> sports a large, flat casque with occipital lobes. In males, the canthi rostralis (lateral ridges running from above the eyes toward the snout) become more pronounced as they proceed in the anterior direction and become elaborated into two scoop-shaped, warty horns. A small dorsal crest is apparent in <i>C. p. cristifer</i> but lacking in the nominate form of <i>C. p. parsonii</i>. Both lack gular and ventral crests. Scalation is homogeneous except for large plate-like scales adorning the area between the canthi rostralis. The dominant colors are green, turquoise and yellow although juveniles may sport an orange hue. Some animals have yellow or orange eyelids or lips and/or irregular black or gray stripes or blotches. A pale yellow or white spot of variable size may adorn the flanks, particularly in <i>C. p. cristifer</i> which is also reported to have a more bluish/turquoise hue. Females lack the prominent rostral processes of the male. A hemipenial bulge is apparent in males, particularly during the breeding season. <i>C. parsonii</i> is known to lay 30-50 eggs but only lay a single clutch per year. (Contributed by E. Pollak) <b>References</b> Abate, A. 1998. Reports from the field: Parson's chameleon. Chameleon Information Network #29, 17-25. Bartlett, R. D. and Bartlett, P. 1995. Chameleons: A Complete Pet Owner's Manual. Barron's Educations Series, Hauppuage, NY Davison, Linda J. 1997. Chameleons: Their Care and Breeding. Hancock House Publishers, Blaine, WA. De Vosjoli, P. and Ferguson, G. 1995. Care and Breeding of Chameleons. Advanced Vivarium Systems, Santee, CA. Kalisch, K. 1994. CChameleon profile: C.parsonii. Chameleon Information Network Journal, #12, 11-22. Klaver, C. & W. Böhme. 1997. Chamaeleonidae. Das Tierreich, 112: i-xiv' 1 - 85. Verlag Walter de Gruyter & Co., Berlin, New York. Le Berre, F. 1994. The New Chameleon Handbook. Barron's Educational Series. Martin, J., 1992. Masters of Disguise: A Natural History of Chameleons. Facts On File, Inc., New York, NY. Necas, P. 1999. Chameleons: Nature's Hidden Jewels. Krieger Publishing Company, Malabar, FL. Schmidt, W., Tamm, K. and Wallikewitz, E. 1994a. Chameleons, Volume I: Species. T.F.H. Publications, Neptune City, NJ. Schmidt, W., Tamm, K. and Wallikewitz, 1994b. Chameleons, Volume II: Care and Breeding. T.F.H. Publications, Neptune City, NJ. Troger, M. 1997. Parson's chameleons. Chameleon Information Network, #25, 29-38.
9	Furcifer		cephalolepis	Comoro Flap-nose Chameleon; Comoro Island Dwarf Chameleon; Dwarf Panther Chameleon	<i>Chamaeleon cephalolepis, Chamaeleo cephalolepis</i>. For alternate genus names <a href="tax.asp?id=8">click here for a species list of <i>Furcifer</i> </a>	Gunther	1880	Small	Eggs	Experienced	This exquisite little chameleon is locally abundant but restricted to the Grand Comoro Island (not Mayotte) in the northern part of the Mozambique Channel which separates Mozambique from Madagascar. It inhabits the humid, tropical coastal regions. Males may grow to 7 inches (TL; SVL to 2.5”) while females are slightly smaller. Adults may weight from 3-8 grams. There is significant variability in temperament that may range from timid to aggressive. The rostral process projects above the mouth (similar to <i>F. pardalis</i>). In some specimens the rostrals may also project slightly anterior to the mouth. Scalation is smooth and homogeneous. Colors are light green, with yellow, blue, and brown intermingling, and a light lateral stripe. The most apparent differences between the sexes are body and rostral size, which are larger in the male. Males also have a prominent hemipenial bulge. This species only entered the U.S.A. legally for the first time in April 2000. They are infested with parasites upon arrival. One analysis revealed the following: Athogenic organisms: <i>Ancylostoma</i> (hookworms, moderate burden) and Flagellates. Non-pathogenic and pseudoparasites: amoebic cysts, pollen granules and possible yeast problems. High concentrations of actively budding fungal organisms were also apparent (Ken Lopez, DVM, personal communication/Susan James). For all these reasons <i>F. cephalolepis</i> should be kept only by keepers with extensive experience. Females may lay as many as 3-5 clutches per year. Gestation has been reported at 33 - 45 days and egg incubation at 244 - 320 days with incubation temperatures between 78F - 82F (Necas, 1999). However, one of us (S.J.) has observed gestation to be closer to 60 days and incubation range from 255-405 days at those same temperatures or somewhat cooler (six clutches studied). Four-nine eggs are laid in a single clutch. Sexual maturity may occur as early as 3 months. (Contributed by Susan James and E. Pollak) <b>References</b> Klaver, C. & W. Böhme. 1997. Chamaeleonidae. Das Tierreich, 112: i-xiv' 1 - 85. Verlag Walter de Gruyter & Co., Berlin, New York. Martin, J., 1992. Masters of Disguise: A Natural History of Chameleons. Facts On File, Inc., New York, NY. Necas, P. 1999. Chameleons: Nature's Hidden Jewels. Krieger Publishing Company, Malabar, FL.
10	Furcifer		lateralis lateralis	Carpet or Jewel Chameleon	<i>Chamaeleo lateralis, Chamaeleon lateralis, Chamaeleo parietalis</i>. For alternate genus names <a href="tax.asp?id=8">click here for a species list of <i>Furcifer</i> </a>	Gray	1831	Small	Eggs	Experienced	<i>F. lateralis</i> (not to be confused with <i>F. campani</i>, which may also be referred to as the Jewel Chameleon) is a small chameleon (7.5”-10” TL and SVL to 5.5”), locally abundant across much of Madagascar except for the north and northwest. It inhabits wet savannahs and both dry and humid forests as well as agricultural lands. Considerable disagreement seems to exist with regard to the status of a forma major. Most authorities consider this larger form as a subspecies (<i>F. lateralis major, q.v.</i>) while others regard it as merely a geographical race. There even exists a minority opinion for species status (i.e., <i>.F. major</i>; Necas, 1999). The low casque bears a sharp parietal crest but lacks occipital lobes. The relatively homogeneous scalation gives a smooth velvety texture. There are small dorsal, ventral and gular crests made of small, specialized, conical scales. No subspecies are known but there is considerable variability in size and color found among the various populations and habitats. Distinct color morphs have been suggested with blue-green morphs occupying humid regions with substantial rainfall and brown morphs inhabiting dry, arid regions. This morph distinction is most applicable to males. Ground colors consist of gray, brown and green. Coloration is striking with a highly complex mosaic patterning. The body markings are irregular. A circle of stripes radiates from the eye and a white lateral stripe (hence <i>lateralis</i>) is found along the midline of the body in both sexes. Three to four large ocellations (oval spots) overlap this lateral stripe. These ocellations are more distinct in females. Receptive/gravid females can adopt various colors/patterns of pastel reds, oranges, yellows, blues with black, lavender and brown. Gravid female coloration is impressive. Males are discriminated on the basis of the hemipenial bulge at the base of the tail. Mature males tend to be slightly larger and more slender than the thicker bodied females. Females are often more brightly colored. During most of the 1990s Carpet Chameleons were one of the four most frequently exported species from Madagascar. Wild caught animals obtained by collectors/hobbyists are often highly stressed and many are in poor health. Gravid females have an especially high mortality rate. Acclimation of these animals can be difficult for even experienced keepers. It is highly advisable to seek out captive born specimens. This species is best kept individually. Males are highly aggressive, asocial and notoriously territorial. Females are easily stressed. This is a "hands-off" species for most keepers. Caging requirements include a minimum 24"(H)x16"(L)x16"(W). <i>F. lateralis</i> is a notorious screen climber. Do not use fine screen which can cause toe and claw damage. This species has been sucessfully maintained in 20-30 gallon (high) terraria but this is not advisable due to the inherent difficulty in providing adequate ventilation in such terraria. Ambient temperatures in the high 70's to low 80's with a basking spot set to 90 F and a 10-15 F drop at night are recommended. A humidifier is advisable to keep the humidity in the range of 60- 100 percent. Multiple daily mistings and/or a drip system are also required. <i>F. lateralis</i> are generally voracious eaters that accept all appropriately sized insects. As with all chameleons, UVB flourescent lighting is a necessity. Cages should be well planted with various size branches (one near basking spot). This is a sun lover that should be exposed to natural sunlight. The keeper must be particularly alert to the early signs of upper respiratory and mouth infections which are common in this species. Breeding programs with this highly prolific species have been sucessful although several breeders have obvserved considerably higher hatching rates in eggs from WC as compared to CBB females. Adults are sexually mature at 3 months and they are year round breeders, producing from 3-6 clutches per year. Introduce the female to the male's cage to determine if she is receptive to mating. Remove and try again later if the female gapes or exbibits vivid, threatening coloration. Receptive females adopt a light pastel coloration. A courting male will brighten in color, bob, twitch and approach/mount. Copulation (10-20 min.)is terminated by the female. Either animal may become aggressive and biting is not uncommon after copulation. Separate the animals after sucessful copulation. When gravid, the female will turn from light pastel coloration to a vivid, darker (with black patterns) coloration within 24-48 hrs. During early gestation appetite increases but tapers after a couple of weeks. The female may stop feeding 3-6 days before laying and may exhibit increased pacing and agitation. Gestation can be 24-32 days but sometimes females will carry eggs up to 45-50 days if a suitable laying site is not provided. The laying receptacle should contain a moist mixture of 50% peat/sand or moist potting soil. Tunnel excavation can be 4" or deeper. This species often makes no attempt to bury eggs and may simply scatter the eggs on the cage floor. Necas (1999) suggests that this might be due to unsuitably low temperatures of the laying medium. He recommends the placement of a heating pad under the laying chamber to raise the temperature of the soil. Between 10-20 eggs are laid but smaller or larger clutches can occur. Remove the eggs and incubate them using the standard technique in a slightly moist vermiculite medium in tupperware or other suitable incubation container. Various incubation methods have been used with success. These include: 1) Incubation at 68-74 F for 5-7 months. Add moisture sparingly. 2) Incubation at 65-78F. No moisture added. Hatching after 7-9 months 3) Diapuse method: Incubation at 77 F for 45-60 days and then at 55-60 F for 30 days followed by 77-82 F until hatching in 100-115 days after the end of the cool temperatures. In each case there is a slight drop in temperatures of 5-10 degrees F at night. If the animals were CB use the breeder's incubation temperatures. If WC, try to mimic the temperatures of the locale from which the animals were collected, including the imposition of a diapause. Females may breed again two weeks after egg laying but retained sperm can produce two to three viable clutches from a single mating. However, it is recommended that the female be re-mated after the 2nd clutch for a greater fertility rate. The young should be reared at 77-84 F daytime temperatures with a 5-7 degree drop at night. Hydration should be by multiple mistings per day. Ideally, the plants rather than the babies should be sprayed as some keepers believe that water droplets on the snout may cause the asphyxiation of small hatchlings. Hatchlings average .42 grams (Pronk, personal communication), eat pinhead crickets and fruitflies. They grow rapidly and mature in 60-75 days. The young can be raised in small groups until 50 days but do better if housed individually. Sexing is difficult in the young but can usually be determined at around 3 weeks of age by a noticeable hemipenial bulge under the male’s tail. (Contributed by James Amirian) <b>References</b> Bartlett, R. D. and Bartlett, P. 1995. Chameleons: A Complete Pet Owner's Manual. Barron's Educations Series, Hauppuage, NY Davison, Linda J. 1997. Chameleons: Their Care and Breeding. Hancock House Publishers, Blaine, WA. Klaver, C. & W. Böhme. 1997. Chamaeleonidae. Das Tierreich, 112: i-xiv' 1 - 85. Verlag Walter de Gruyter & Co., Berlin, New York. Le Berre, F. 1994. The New Chameleon Handbook. Barron's Educational Series. Martin, J., 1992. Masters of Disguise: A Natural History of Chameleons. Facts On File, Inc., New York, NY. Necas, P. 1999. Chameleons: Nature's Hidden Jewels. Krieger Publishing Company, Malabar, FL. Schmidt, W., Tamm, K. and Wallikewitz, E. 1994a. Chameleons, Volume I: Species. T.F.H. Publications, Neptune City, NJ. Schmidt, W., Tamm, K. and Wallikewitz, 1994b. Chameleons, Volume II: Care and Breeding. T.F.H. Publications, Neptune City, NJ.
11	Furcifer		minor	Lesser Chameleon	<i>Chamaeleon minor, Chamaeleo minor</i>. For alternate genus names <a href="tax.asp?id=8">click here for a species list of <i>Furcifer</i> </a>	Gunther	1879	Medium	Eggs	Experienced	<i>Furcifer minor</i> inhabits the cooler rain forests and dry forests on the southern slopes of the central Madagascar plateau. In addition, it has been exceedingly successful in colonizing the coffee and cacao plantation to the point that it is now more abundant in these newer habitats (Pronk, personal communication). Males reach a total length of 12 inches. Females are considerably smaller, typically growing to only 6 inches. They are reportedly docile toward keepers but moderately aggressive toward conspecifics. Males have prominent nasal protuberances. Both sexes exhibit brown and tan banding, often with a pink or orange tint. There is a small vertebral crest. Two light spots with dark outlines adorn the sides of the chest region. Gravid females may develop spectacular colors of alternating black and yellow bands with yellow specks highlighting the black. The lateral thoracic spots may be purple or violet. Intense vermillion sets off the lower jaw and top of the head. Babies are green. Males may be recognized by the more prominent rostral protuberances that appear by two weeks post-hatching. Four to 16 eggs are laid in a single clutch and as many as 3 clutches may be laid per year. Sexual maturity is typically reached at about 5 months. (Contributed by E. Pollak) <b>References</b> Klaver, C. & W. Böhme. 1997. Chamaeleonidae. Das Tierreich, 112: i-xiv' 1 - 85. Verlag Walter de Gruyter & Co., Berlin, New York. Martin, J., 1992. Masters of Disguise: A Natural History of Chameleons. Facts On File, Inc., New York, NY. Necas, P. 1999. Chameleons: Nature's Hidden Jewels. Krieger Publishing Company, Malabar, FL.
12	Furcifer		oustaleti	Giant Madagascar or Oustalet's Chameleon	<i>Chamaeleon oustaleti, Chamaeleo oustaleti</i>. For alternate genus names <a href="tax.asp?id=8">click here for a species list of <i>Furcifer</i> </a>	Mocquard	1894	Large	Eggs	Experienced	<i>F. oustaleti</i> is abundant and widespread in Madagascar. It has also been introduced near Nairobi, Kenya. It inhabits both warm and humid coastal lowlands but seems to prefer drier forests. Most common in disturbed areas, it even occurs in parks and gardens of Antananarivo (Pronk, personal communication). This large chameleon commonly reaches a total length of 24 inches but even larger males have been reported. Females reach half this size. they are moderately aggressive toward conspecific but docile to aggressive toward keepers. <i>F. oustaleti</i> has a high casque which lacks occipital lobes. Horns or other rostral processes are also absent. Gular and dorsal crests are composed of specialized, prominent conical scales. A small abdominal ridge is also present. Body scalation is heterogeneous. Coloration is primarily of grays and browns. Animals from different localities may exhibit variations in the extent of a reddish or greenish tinge. Females tend to be slightly more colorful than males, to be somewhat slimmer and slightly smaller. Males have a broader tail base. As many as 61 eggs are laid in a single clutch. In captivity there may be as many as 2 clutches per year although in the wild it is likely that more than one clutch is laid. Sexual maturity is achieved at 6 - 12 months of age. The average weights of the hatchlings are between .81 and .88 grams (Pronk, personal communication). (Contributed by E. Pollak) For photos of oustaleti color morphs, please see: <a href="http://verity.mcphu.edu/adcham/default.asp?id=23">http://verity.mcphu.edu/adcham/default.asp?id=23/</a> <b>References</b> Bartlett, R. D. and Bartlett, P. 1995. Chameleons: A Complete Pet Owner's Manual. Barron's Educations Series, Hauppuage, NY Davison, Linda J. 1997. Chameleons: Their Care and Breeding. Hancock House Publishers, Blaine, WA. De Vosjoli, P. and Ferguson, G. 1995. Care and Breeding of Chameleons. Advanced Vivarium Systems, Santee, CA. Ferguson, G. W., Murphy, J. B., Rasilemanana, A., Ramanamanjato, J.-B., and Annis, J. M. 1994. Chameleon profileL The Panther chameleon. Chameleon Information Network #11, 10-19. Klaver, C. & W. Böhme. 1997. Chamaeleonidae. Das Tierreich, 112: i-xiv' 1 - 85. Verlag Walter de Gruyter & Co., Berlin, New York. Le Berre, F. 1994. The New Chameleon Handbook. Barron's Educational Series. Martin, J., 1992. Masters of Disguise: A Natural History of Chameleons. Facts On File, Inc., New York, NY. Necas, P. 1999. Chameleons: Nature's Hidden Jewels. Krieger Publishing Company, Malabar, FL. Schmidt, W., Tamm, K. and Wallikewitz, E. 1994a. Chameleons, Volume I: Species. T.F.H. Publications, Neptune City, NJ. Schmidt, W., Tamm, K. and Wallikewitz, 1994b. Chameleons, Volume II: Care and Breeding. T.F.H. Publications, Neptune City, NJ.
13	Furcifer		pardalis	Panther Chameleon	<i>Chamaeleo ater, Chamaeleo niger, Chamaeleo guentheri, Chjamaeleon longicauda, Chamaeleon axillaris, Chamaeleon pardalis</i>. For alternate genus names <a href="tax.asp?id=8">click here for a species list of <i>Furcifer</i> </a>	Cuvier	1829	Large	Eggs	Novice	The Panther Chameleon is indigenous to the warm and humid coastal lowlands and islands and coastal regions of northern, northwestern, northeastern, and eastern Madagascar. It has also been introduced to Reunion and Mauritius Islands and neighboring islands. One of the most common species on Madagascar, this highly sexually dimorphic species was first described by Cuvier in 1829. The larger mature males can reach total body lengths up to 21 inches but are generally smaller in captivity (12-18 inches). Adult males, in addition to being significantly larger have a more defined helmet (casque). Head ornamentation consists of a prominent dorsolateral ridge extending on each side from the occipital region forward over the eye, along the dorsolateral border of the snout to the tip of the snout or slightly beyond. This extends into a small shovel-like rostral projection. The rostral projection has slight variations between locals. The ridge is less prominent in all females. Juvenile to adult size males are easy to distinguish by the thickened base of the tail hemipenal bulge. Hatchlings are difficult to sex reliably at less than 4 months old but a thicker tail base is evident to the experienced eye at birth in males. Spectacular color variations and subtle shape variations of the head in males in specific populations (pods) seem clinal and have been used to differentiate areas of origin. Females are usually less than 13 inches in length and their coloration does vary within geographic location but generally are uniform in coloration. Subspecies have not been formally defined but more detailed study including genetic variation may reveal distinct populations in the near future. <b>Geographic variation within male <i>Furcifer pardalis</i></b> (Note: additional pictures of <i>F. pardalis</i> morphs may be found at <a href="http://verity.mcphu.edu/adcham/default.asp?id=20">http://verity.mcphu.edu/adcham/default.asp?id=20/</a> <b>Nosy Be</b>: One of the most commonly found morphs in the reptile trade and captive husbandry. This northwestern island population tends to be uniformly blue-green, emerald green, turquoise with spots or patches of red or yellow concentrated on the head and anterior torso. Sky blue coloration specimens are highly prized in the pet trade but such pure "blue phase" Nosy Be pardalis have not been observed in the wild (Pronk, personal communication). The lips are bright yellow or white. Red and/or gold often radiate out from the eye turrets. Morphs lacking yellow pigmentation that are turquoise are often referred to as blue phase. Dark vertical bars often appear on the lateral surface of the body and tail when the animal is stressed. Typically, the bars are absent or very faint. Climate: Heavy rainfall averaging over 88 inches (223 cm) all year round. Temperatures average 27°C (high) and 23° C (low). <b>Ambanja</b>: The largest sized panther morph (Pronk, personal communication) found near this northwestern town possess a light green to a blue-green body with dark vertical lateral bands of red, blue or purple. Eye turrets are often all red or a mixture of red, yellow and green especially when displaying. There has been successful mating between Nosy be and Ambanja morphs with fertile offspring in captivity, however in wild collected pardalis from both localities, there is never any doubt of their origin. This means they are probably not close relatives (Pronk) . Ambanja and Nosy Be morphs are considered a blue morph and the body shape of males and females of these locals can differ from red morph varieties. Ambanja panthers have been called the "rainbow" because of its variety of colors. However, the term "rainbow" has also been used to designate hybrids and should be used advisably. Climate: Avg. 86 inches/yr. rainfall (218 cm). Temperatures average 27°C (high) and 23°C (low). Very similar to Nosy Be. <b>Diego Suarez</b>: Found on the northern tip of Madagascar this morph is considered a red phase panther. They have red to green faces and red, green and orange to yellow stripes on there back. Normally relaxed an overall green with dark transversal bands ,when excited this chameleon can turn yellow with dark bands. Eye turrets are often burgundy and develop black and red patterns during social displays. The local population often refers them to as the yellow chameleon. Climate: wet summers and dry winters. 36-80 inches/yr. rainfall (90 cm). The change in rainfall /humidity levels may contribute to greater variation in diapause periods in egg incubation <b>Sambava</b>: Adult males found in populations in Sambava and south along the shores of the Bay of Antongil south to Tamatave are considered a orange phase panther. Sambava morphs often have red faces with black stripes in the face through the eyes. Often dark green to almost black in some close regions, the males when displaying for breeding or territorial displays to other males can become completely orange or red throughout the whole body. The Sambava and Moroantsetra morphs are almost identical in appearance. <b>Moroansetra</b>: This orange- red morph has one of the largest body size of the morphs of F. pardalis. They are typically orange (to red) and white with some black striping when stressed or breeding. At rest, they are ox blood color with green and white with vertical bars faint or absent. The dorsal body is usually lighter and forms a distinct light gray or bluish longitudinal stripe. Eye turrets can be black and gray when displaying to a female or rival male. Climate: Avg. 144 inches/yr. rainfall (366 cm). Temperatures average 26°C (high) and 20.8° C (low). <b>Tamatave</b>: This morph is in the southeastern extreme of the range of F. pardalis. Generally the body is dark green and is very similar to the Moroansetra morph, however they tend to have more red than orange. This morph may have the most intense red coloration of all morphs. Climate: rainfall of 140 inches (366 cm) per year, falling 240 days. Absolute maximum temperatures is 35.5°C , mean maximum temperature, 23.8 - 30.0°C(July-Jan.) and Absolute minimum temperature of 17.7° C (Aug.), mean minimum temperature 17.7 -23.3° C (Aug. -Jan.). June is the coldest month and January the hottest. October is the month with the least precipitation and January the month with the most, but mean relative humidity is remarkably stable year round ,81-86% (Pronk, personal communication). <b>Ankaramy</b>: This morph, known as "pink pather," is found in rolling hills near the village of Ankaramy on the northwest coast of Madagascar , about 35 miles north of Ambanja. Males when in an excited state exhibit a beautiful pink coloration with a yellowish-white lateral line at mid body. This morph has a slightly elevated casque (compared to Nosy Be morph) and the 70 dorsal spines are large but narrow. Another distinquishing characteristic is the heterogenous scalation with enlarged scales within the mid body lateral stripe. In non-stress colors the males always have the upper edges of the casque and rostral projection colored in a very light blue. Pink morphs are less abundant in disturbed agricultural and suburban areas than other pardalis morphs prefering less disturbed habitats. Eggs and hatchlings are smaller than other pardalis morphs. The smaller hatchlings demand more attention and are more difficult to raise than the other panther local babies. The climate of the this panthers habitat is very similar to that of Ambanja. (Olaf Pronk, personal communication). <b>Ste. Marie</b>: The island of Nosy Baraha (Ille Ste. Marie), just north of Tamatave on the northeastern coast, is home to another distinct morph. The panthers from this local are a light gray-blue and can have greenish blue vertical stripes. This local can reach large sizes. This same form also occurs on the Madagascar mainland opposite of Nosy Baraha. The females are prodominately "army" green with lime-green mix. When gravid ,the females bodies can be grayish-white with lime-green highlites in the eyes/dorsal/ventral regions with black vertical bands. Rainfall is heavy year round. (Pronk, personal communications) <b>Andapa</b>: Southwest of Sambava, this plateau with an elevation of 1375 ft (419 m) has a heavy population of panthers. The color variants there generally resemble the reddish-green (morphs) from Sambava but often seem to have more yellow, especially when stressed. (B. Love, Vivarium,Vol 9,No 4) <b>General notes</b> All males have a continuous white stripe running the length of the body from the head almost to the vent. Adult females from all populations are highly metachromatic, especially when gravid. The basic color of a mature female in a nonsocial context is gray, brown or faint green with indistinct vertical bars and lateral stripe. When the females become receptive, the color becomes a pale, sometimes rich, orange to pink hue and any darker bars/banding lighten and disappear. When gravid or non-receptive to breeding advances by males, they attain an overall dark-brown to black with contrasting vertical bars of pink to orange in bold color patterns. The borders of these bars are very irregular and very distinct form individual to individual. A bold lateral stripe is also often present. Trained eyes can distinguish the different localities of origin of females. <i>F. pardalis</i> is one of, if not the best, chameleon for adapting to indoor housing. For this reason it is highly recommended for the novice. However, it should be emphasized that NO chameleon is "easy" when compared to other, commonly kept reptiles. Females are much more reclusive and nervous than males. Adapting to a variety of enclosures, temperatures should vary from 65°F at night to 95°F during the day. UVB fluorescent lighting and a basking light is recommended with indoor caging. Exposure to morning sunlight outdoors is preferred. Originating in a humid natural environment, the panther chameleon readily drinks the drops off of leaves and other wet surfaces. Panther chameleons require the same regimen of misting and drip systems as do most other chameleons. Cages as small as 12"x12"x18" have been used successfully with adults but with their large size, a screen cage of at least 24"x24"x36" or 24"x24"x48" is much preferable. Sexes are best kept separate both physically and visually except for mating as panthers are quite aggressive toward conspecifics and often, but not always, toward their keepers. Panther chameleon breeding has been described extensively by multiple authors including G. Ferguson (1994 CIN #11, 1995 # ,1996 # ) and J. Annis (1994, CIN #11), R. Bourgat(1970), W.Schmidt(1994) and R. Tremper (1994, ref#). In Madagascar, active breeding occurs during the spring and summer (October through March). West coast color phase panthers (Nosy Be, Ambanja), in a more stable climate, can breed all year. East coast panthers, however, living in a more variable climate, may have a defined breeding season (e.g., Diego Suarez, Tamatave, Maroansetra) but in the controlled environments of captivity breeding can occur year round in acclimated WC and CB animals. Females may lay up to 4-6 clutches per year but 2-3 is more typical (and preferable). Under optimal growing conditions, sexual maturity is reached at 5 months of age. It is ideal to allow females to reach mature size before attempting breeding. With high nutritional needs including growing bones and a greater need for calcium, young females can be stressed physically by breeding/egg laying and can have difficulty recovering strength following multiple clutch laying. It is important to replenish nutritional, mineral and vitamin needs (esp. calcium, vit. A and D3) after egg laying. This will help promote optimal long-term survival and reproductive success. Direct exposure to sunlight and/or high UVB fluorescent lighting is highly recommended. Most males at 5-6 months of age will not have obtained their mature colors (12 months of age) but the hemipenal bulge is quite evident and they are active breeders. Courting males will display a brightening of colors with striped coloration standing out (similar in territorial displays to rival males), and begin vertical, jerky head bobbing when a female comes into view. Females exhibit sexual receptivity upon reaching sexual maturity, 2-3 weeks before oviposition(egg laying). The brightening or lightening of coloration marks receptivity. In some morphs, this may involve a decidedly peach-colored tone along with a subduction in vertical/patterned markings. If this coloration is maintained in the presence of a male it is an indication of a willingness to mate. Receptive females allow males to approach from behind, with copulation typically lasting from 10-30 minutes. The female will often turn to gravid coloration during or within minutes following copulation but this change may take as long as a day or two. Intense black/brown and orange coloration mark gravid coloration. Females retain sperm and may require only a single mating to lay two or more consecutive fertile clutches. Males can be very aggressive during mating and it is best to remove the male once a female displays gaping with gular extension, rocking, darkening of color patterns and lateral compression. Gradually increasing visual contact (without physical contact) may lead to a later, more ritualized courtship and acceptance by a female in some cases. Pairs can be separated after a single copulation or left together for days/weeks until the female displays the threat posture and darkened coloration. Three to six weeks after mating the female will become restless, reduce feeding and actively search for a nesting spot. The female may be removed to a large container (e.g., 30 gallon trash can) with moist potting soil, moist sand or a mixture of the two that is at least 6 -12 inches deep. A 24" depth is preferable. The laying bin should be supplied with a plant and rocks as well as proper UVB and basking lights. An alternate technique is to introduce a smaller (5-10 gallon rectangular or round) container into the home cage if room allows. Using the larger, separate, container makes it more likely that the female will find an acceptable laying site. Using the smaller, in-cage box avoids the need to move the female. Eggs are often laid near plant roots in potted plants. Do not disturb the female once tunnel excavation begins. Allow the female to dig the tunnel, lay her eggs and complete the covering of her eggs before removing any of them. Clutches can range from 12-45 eggs depending on the female's size and nutritional intake. If an inadequate laying site is provided, the female may retain the eggs (i.e., suffer dystocia) or scatter the eggs on the cage floor. <b>Egg incubation</b> The standard technique involves spacing eggs in a vermiculite-filled container with a tight lid to retain moisture. Perlite can be used also. Vermiculite should be at 400 (0.4 to 0.7 parts water to 1 part dry vermiculite). Incubation varies from 6 months to 12 months (or longer) depending on the temperature, moisture content of the incubation medium and perhaps the locale of origin (climatic variation). If the temperature is kept at 65-78 degrees hatching can occur in 6-9 months. The eggs are laid before vascularization and a 3-6 month diapause (no embryo development-dormant) is associated with this species. If incubation temperatures are too high in the early stages of incubation, diapause is extended. It is recommended that temperatures in the mid-high 60's to low 70's be used in the first couple of months with a gradual warming if one wishes to break diapause. Candling of the eggs can determine if the eggs are in diapause (yellow light) or are undergoing vascularization (pink color-blood islets). Eggs incubated at over 80 degrees in early incubation can remain in diapause for over 12 months in some cases. In Madagascar, the beginning of rainy season may cue the hatching process at 5-7 months (after diapause). Some breeders will introduce a small amount of water to the vermiculite (but not directly on egg) at this time. This is risky for inexperienced breeders because too much moisture can cause suffocation of the neonate. With extended diapause and without simulating rainy season, it is common for this species' eggs to hatch at 12 months or more with high hatch rates. Average hatchling size is 0.51 grams (Pronk, personal communication). (Contributed by Jim Amirian with special thanks to Olaf Pronk) <b>References</b> Bartlett, R. D. and Bartlett, P. 1995. Chameleons: A Complete Pet Owner's Manual. Barron's Educations Series, Hauppuage, NY Davison, Linda J. 1997. Chameleons: Their Care and Breeding. Hancock House Publishers, Blaine, WA. De Vosjoli, P. and Ferguson, G. 1995. Care and Breeding of Chameleons. Advanced Vivarium Systems, Santee, CA. Klaver, C. & W. Böhme. 1997. Chamaeleonidae. Das Tierreich, 112: i-xiv' 1 - 85. Verlag Walter de Gruyter & Co., Berlin, New York. Le Berre, F. 1994. The New Chameleon Handbook. Barron's Educational Series. Martin, J., 1992. Masters of Disguise: A Natural History of Chameleons. Facts On File, Inc., New York, NY. Necas, P. 1999. Chameleons: Nature's Hidden Jewels. Krieger Publishing Company, Malabar, FL. Schmidt, W., Tamm, K. and Wallikewitz, E. 1994a. Chameleons, Volume I: Species. T.F.H. Publications, Neptune City, NJ. Schmidt, W., Tamm, K. and Wallikewitz, 1994b. Chameleons, Volume II: Care and Breeding. T.F.H. Publications, Neptune City, NJ.
14	Furcifer		verrucosus	Spiny or Warty Chameleon	<i>Chamaeleo vurrucosus</i>. For alternate genus names <a href="tax.asp?id=8">click here for a species list of <i>Furcifer</i> </a>	Cuvier	1829	Large	Eggs	Experienced	<i>F. verrucosus</i> is indigenous to the southern and southwestern regions of Madagascar's Spiny Desert, Bourbon Islands and Mauritius. Habitat destruction, migration and human intervention have helped spread its population along most of the coastal regions in the south and southwest of Madagascar. For these reasons its populations are considered to be extensive and non-threatened. <i>F. verrucosus</i> generally occupies semi-desert coastal environments where day time temperatures may reach 110 F (37.5 C). While such areas may have little rainfall they are often quite humid so keepers must consider their hydration requirements to be significant. In evaluating local temperature asnd humidity data the experienced keeper understands simply because some parts of a habitat may reach extremes in temperature and humidity does not mean that the animal necessarily exposes itself to such extremes. Despite its considerable size, this is a very shy species. The"spiny giant " is one of the largest chameleons in Madagascar with unconfirmed reports of males reaching up to 2 feet in length. However, it is exceedingly rare to see a specimen of 22". Most adult animals are in the range of 16"-20". It has adapted to living in semi arid environments with extremes in temperatures and low rainfall. With slender form, it often remains motionless for hours on a favorite branch basking, hiding from the heat or waiting for prey to come within range. Three color morphs have been described in males: the green-blue morph, the red-headed morph (with dark green underbelly and light green or blue dorsal region) and a darker olive green morph with longer dorsal crest spines. Adult coloration varies between sexes; females are variable in color between morphs. Nonreceptive females can be gray, taupe, rust or beige with a light or white lateral band. When receptive/gravid, females can display various orange/red coloration with the gravid redheaded morph displaying a bright rust color or dark brown with purple. The spectacular dorsal crest spines in males give this species its nickname. Males have large tubercles in a line on the midside and smaller tubercles in oblique rows on the upper side of body. The male's head appears large in proportion to the body when compared to that of the female. Males are bigger than the females (at maturity generally twice as long and even larger by weight). Males have a raised parietal crest (casque) and hemipenial bulges are clearly visible. The dorsal crest in males runs to half the tail. There may be up to 40 spines on the dorsal crest of males that can reach 4 mm in height. The female’s dorsal crest has 4-5 smaller, 1 mm spines. The vast majority of animals found for sale are WC because of limited breeding programs of this species. Deparasitization and deworming are highly recommended. Although shy, <i>F. verrucosus</i> adapts well to captivity after initial acclimation. Screen caging requirements are on a larger scale, especially for males. Minimum cage size for males is 4'h x 2'l x 2'w. Females: 3'h x 2'h x 2'w. Individuals should be raised apart and only put together for breeding. Because of their shyness, this species will often fail to eat or move if it is being watched. They will hide by hugging the side of larger branches with their slender bodies. Visual, as well as physical isolation is especially important. <i>F. verrucosus</i> readily eat large quantiites of crickets, flies, moths ,superworms, mealworms, etc. as juveniles and will grow rapidly. Larger adults prefer larger size prey. They prefer a habitat with many branches of various circumferences with live plants provided. Temperature requirements are similar to <i>Chamaeleo calyptratus</i>. Daytime temperatures should range from the low 80's to the 90's at the basking spot. A 10-15 degree drop at night is recommended. A winter cooling period (found in native Malagasy regions) for two months may help in the acclimation of wild caught animals and regulate the breeding cycle. Their habitat should be kept quite dry. Water can be supplied by a daily drip and misting regimen. Despite the low rainfall in much of their home range, <i>F. verrucosus</i> has hydration requirements similar to those of other chameleons. The importance of a proper misting and dripping regimen should not be minimized. Outdoor direct sunlight is recommended. <i>F. verrucosus</i> is oviparous (egg bearing) and a seasonal (spring) breeder. Females deliver 1 or 2 clutches of 30-50 eggs per year. With a pronounced winter cooling period, 1 clutch is typically laid. If the climate remains temperate all year, 2 clutches maybe laid in a year. Maturity for breeding is reached at 9-12 months although they achieve sexually mature at 6-10 months. Breeding is initiated by introducing a receptive female to the male's cage. The female's receptivity is indicated by a deepening of the cinnamon/reddish tint in her coloration. If female rejects the male's advances remove her and re-introduce her at a later time. If the female does not reject the male, breeding may take place over the course of days or weeks. Remove the bred female when her darkening color is accompanied by threat displays directed toward the male. This typically indicates gravidity. The female should then be isolated. Expect an increase in her food consumption. Gestation lasts from 4 to 6 weeks. She will lay eggs in a large receptacle with potting soil. Eggs should be incubated at 68-74 degrees F for 9-12 months in moist (but almost dry) vermiculite (2" deep). At 9 months water may be added to the vermiculite to simulate the rainy season. Eggs will swell and the thick shell will be thin enough for the neonate to break out. Raise neonates in high humidity (60-80%). The babies are relatively easy to raise. Males can be differentiated at birth by the pronounced spines on the dorsal crest. Females have fewer and smaller spines. Crossing color morphs when breeding is not recommended. (Contributed by James Amirian) <b>References</b> Davison, Linda J. 1997. Chameleons: Their Care and Breeding. Hancock House Publishers, Blaine, WA. Klaver, C. & W. Böhme. 1997. Chamaeleonidae. Das Tierreich, 112: i-xiv' 1 - 85. Verlag Walter de Gruyter & Co., Berlin, New York. Le Berre, F. 1994. The New Chameleon Handbook. Barron's Educational Series. Martin, J., 1992. Masters of Disguise: A Natural History of Chameleons. Facts On File, Inc., New York, NY. Necas, P. 1999. Chameleons: Nature's Hidden Jewels. Krieger Publishing Company, Malabar, FL.
15	Chamaeleo	Trioceros	bitaeniatus	Two-lined or Side-striped Chameleon	<i>Chamaeleo bivittatus, Chamaeleon bitaeniatus<i/>. For alternate genus names <a href="tax.asp?id=9">click here for a species list of <i>Chamaeleo</i> </a>	Fischer	1884	Small	Live	Experienced	Widely and abundantly distributed throughout east Africa including Ethiopia, Kenya, Somalia, southern Sudan, northern Tanzania, Uganda, and northeastern Congo (Zaire). <i>C. bitaeniatus</i> prefers humid regions up to 3,000 m elevation. This small (total length 6 inches) chameleon is only moderately aggressive toward conspecifics and timid toward keepers. <i>C. bitaeniatus</i> has a low casque lacking occipital lobes. Enlarged, granular scales adorn the canthi rostralis. Despite what its inclusion in the subgenus <i>Triocerus</i> (i.e., 3 horns) might imply, rostral processes are absent. Squamation is relatively heterogeneous. Small, light colored gular, dorsal and ventral crests are composed of conical scales. Two rows of light colored, enlarged, plate-like or lens-shaped (i.e., lenticular)scales run down the flanks and give the species its name. As is often the case with species so extensively distributed, coloration is highly variable. Basic coloration may be brown, gray, black or brownish-green. Females may be identified by their thinner tail and higher tail length:body length ratio. Males exhibit a thicker tail base. 3-25 live young are produced and produce 1-2 clutches per year. Sexual maturity occurs at approx. 6 months. (Contributed by E. Pollak) <b>References</b> Klaver, C. & W. Böhme. 1997. Chamaeleonidae. Das Tierreich, 112: i-xiv' 1 - 85. Verlag Walter de Gruyter & Co., Berlin, New York. Martin, J., 1992. Masters of Disguise: A Natural History of Chameleons. Facts On File, Inc., New York, NY. Necas, P. 1999. Chameleons: Nature's Hidden Jewels. Krieger Publishing Company, Malabar, FL.
16	Chamaeleo	Trioceros	cristatus	Crested or Fringed Chameleon	<i>Chamaeleon cristatus</i>. For alternate genus names <a href="tax.asp?id=9">click here for a species list of <i>Chamaeleo</i> </a>	Stuchbury	1837	Medium	Eggs	Expert	<i>C. cristatus</i> posseses a a tall, pointed casque behind a flat head. The casque is formed by the lateral crests. The parietal crest is simple. The tail is relatively short in comparison with the body. Scalation is smooth with scattered, enlarged, flat scales among the regular scales. Basic colors for both sexes are brown, green, khaki, maroon, or gray. The color is uniform on the body with an irregular netlike pattern. The interstitial skin of the throat is bright red or orange. Females of this species are larger (total length 11 inches) than males (total length approx. 10 inches). Males have high, fanlike sailfins on their backs and tails which are less developed in females. Females are more of a green hue while males exhibit the browns, khaki and grays. Males have vivid blue scales outlining the head crest that particularly brighten during territorial displays. This species is a terrestrial chameleon that requires an extremely humid, or more plainly, a wet environment. A continuously running ultrasonic humidifier that dews the cage, as well as constant dripping of daytime water help meet this need. Temperatures should remain constant at approximately 75F with only a small drop at night. While this species rarely can be seen "basking", they enjoy high UV exposure, so double UV lights can be used. Temperament ranges from timid (usually males) to aggressive (usually females). Most common prey insects are eagerly accepted by this species, although they are not aggressive hunters. They show a fondness for larvae type foods. Males in particular are sensitive to supplementation, so little or no supplements should be used if the prey items are properly gut-loaded. This is a very difficult species to maintain, even for the most experienced keepers. Little is known about reproduction. One CB female's gestation was four months, with two clutches in one year. Sixteen to 37 eggs may be laid. Three reported hatchings from WC females put incubation at eight to nine months at temperatures of approximately 72F, with a few degrees drop at night. One female bred in captivity had gestation of three and 1/2 months and incubation of 10 months.(Contributed by Susan James and E. Pollak with incubation informtion provided by Doug Dix, Ron Roper, and Tim Schuetze). <b>References</b> Klaver, C. & W. Böhme. 1997. Chamaeleonidae. Das Tierreich, 112: i-xiv' 1 - 85. Verlag Walter de Gruyter & Co., Berlin, New York. Le Berre, F. 1994. The New Chameleon Handbook. Barron's Educational Series. Martin, J., 1992. Masters of Disguise: A Natural History of Chameleons. Facts On File, Inc., New York, NY. Necas, P. 1999. Chameleons: Nature's Hidden Jewels. Krieger Publishing Company, Malabar, FL.
17	Chamaeleo	Trioceros	deremensis	Giant Usambara 3-horned Chameleon	<i>Chamaeleon deremensis</i>. For alternate genus names <a href="tax.asp?id=9">click here for a species list of <i>Chamaeleo</i> </a>	Matschie	1892	Medium	Eggs	Expert	<i>C. deremensis</i> inhabits the montane rain forests of Tanzania. It reaches 12-16 inches in total length and may weigh 120 - 150 grams. It is docile toward keepers but aggressive toward conspecifics. This is said to be one of the more evolutionarily advanced chameleons due to their complex lung structure. They are a stocky species and have a short tail relative to the SVL length. The casque is unadorned; it is smooth, flattened and oblong and ends in a point bearing small, unfused occipital lobes. A short gular crest is present. Scalation is smooth. Body coloration for adults is medium to pale green with three or four pale yellow slashes that run in a broken line from behind the eye to midway down the body. A scattering of off- white, blue, red or brown patches and streaks are sometimes present. Excited/stress coloration sports a display of dark green or black spotting. The reverse of this pattern, ie.light spots on a dark green pattern can also be displayed. Hatchlings and young juveniles display the same patterns as adults but on an aqua blue background. Males possess three large annulated (ringed) horns. Female <i>C. deremensis</i> lack all traces of horns. Horn bud scales are not even present. Both sexes mature to a comparable size. Because of their stringent requirements for reproduction and housing, only expert keepers should attempt to work with this species. <i>C. deremensis</i> prefer heavily planted cages and should be maintained separately in screened enclosures. Being a montane species, they prefer moderate to cool temperatures. Daytime highs should be in the low to mid 70s and night temperatures in the high 60s, accompanied by high humidity (80%+). This species seems to do best with an ultransonic humidifier aimed directly at the cage and a constant flow of water dripping (usually directly overhead) on or near them. Babies and juveniles are especially likely to show signs of dehydration in warm temperatures if not kept well hydrated. Typically hearty eaters, males can somewhat decrease their food intake while greatly increasing their activity levels during the breeding season. One unusual trait of this species, particularly babies and juveniles, is their tendency to vibrate their entire bodies - a "shake and wiggle" just prior to shooting their tongue at a prey item. Spraying with warm water may also trigger eating. Feeding requirements are comparable to other chameleons of similar size. Caution should be advised against bowlfeeding. They may station themselves over the bowl, rarely moving, becoming even more sedentary than normal. This species usually has a calm temperament in captivity but does seem to be happiest not being visible. It is believed that this species does not produce viable, fertile eggs until the females second or third breeding season. Breeding season is thought to be in the fall, but may occur at any time of the year in captivity, perhaps due to environmental conditions(inconclusive). Breeding season, with numerous copulations, may last up to three months. Gestation is around four months. Twenty to 60 eggs are laid in a single clutch. Incubation is approximately four months at a temperature of 72F. Age of sexual maturity is unknown but is thought to be from 9-12 months. (Contributed by Susan James and E. Pollak. Douglas Dix was a pinciple source of information; http://www.deerfernfarms.com/) <b>References</b> Dix, D. and Martinez, E. 1997. Chmeleon profile: C. deremensis. Chameleon Information #26, 19-26. Klaver, C. & W. Böhme. 1997. Chamaeleonidae. Das Tierreich, 112: i-xiv' 1 - 85. Verlag Walter de Gruyter & Co., Berlin, New York. Martin, J., 1992. Masters of Disguise: A Natural History of Chameleons. Facts On File, Inc., New York, NY. Necas, P. 1999. Chameleons: Nature's Hidden Jewels. Krieger Publishing Company, Malabar, FL.
18	Chamaeleo	Trioceros	ellioti	Elliot's Chameleon	<i>Chamaeleon ellioti, Chamaeleon bitaeniatus ellioti</i>. For alternate genus names <a href="tax.asp?id=9">click here for a species list of <i>Chamaeleo</i> </a>	Gunther	1895	Small	Live	Experienced	<i>C. ellioti</i> is abundantly distributed throughout the mid-elevation montane regions, humid scrub savannahs, and cultivated regions of central and eastern Africa. <i>C. ellioti</i> is a small chameleon with females reaching a total length of 9 inches (SVL 4-5 inches). Males are slightly smaller and typically exhibit brighter coloration but are most reliably identified on the basis of a prominent hemipenal bulge. <i>C. ellioti</i> lacks many of the specialized morphological characteristics of other chameleons and for this reason has been described as being prototypical of true chameleons (Necas, 1999). The flattened head lacks occipital lobes but small, elevated parietal crests are present and covered by enlarged, granular scales. Low crests are present in the gular, abdominal and vertebral surfaces. Because of the wide range of habitats and many subpopulations of this species, the coloration of <i>C. ellioti</i> is quite variable. The basic coloration includes gray, brown, blue, black and green but at different times and in different populations the coloration (especially of males) may include bright markings similar to those of <i>C. lateralis</i>. A dark gular spot or slash is often present and a light lateral stripe is often present <i>C. ellioti</i> requires well lighted and ventilated individual screen cages. Temperatures should not exceed 85F during the day and a drop to 60F at night is highly desirable. Humidity should be maintained at a minimum of 80%. While they cannot tolerate excessive heat, <i>C. ellioti</i> (particularly gravid females) enjoy basking in the sun. Water can be provided by simulating warm rainfall and/or by drip system. They have hearty appetites and enthusiastically consume most appropriately sized insect prey. This species is prone to mouth and sinus infections so great care should be taken in watching for symptoms. Despite their small size they are highly aggressive toward conspecifics and individual housing is a necessity. Long term success in maintaining this species has yet to be achieved. For this reason, <i>C. ellioti</i> should be kept only by "expert" keepers. Females, depending on size and maturity, bear 2 - 18 live young. Gestation is approximately 90 - 160 days and females may give birth up to 4 times a year. Females may be receptive 14 days after giving birth and are capable of retaining sperm. Copulation is performed with little fuss or aggression. Babies are a little over 1" long at birth and are extremely fragile. <i>Drosophila melanogaster</i> and two day old pinhead crickets are appropriate sized insect prey, with some hatchlings eating springtails. Hatchlings should be misted with a very fine, warm mist; care should be taken to avoid eye damage and aspiration of water. Maturity is reached in 6 - 9 months. (Contributed by Susan James and E. Pollak) <b>References</b> Klaver, C. & W. Böhme. 1997. Chamaeleonidae. Das Tierreich, 112: i-xiv' 1 - 85. Verlag Walter de Gruyter & Co., Berlin, New York. Martin, J., 1992. Masters of Disguise: A Natural History of Chameleons. Facts On File, Inc., New York, NY. Necas, P. 1999. Chameleons: Nature's Hidden Jewels. Krieger Publishing Company, Malabar, FL.
19	Chamaeleo	Trioceros	feae	Fea's Chameleon	<i>Chamaeleon feae, Chamaeleo montium feae</i> For alternate genus names <a href="tax.asp?id=9">click here for a species list of <i>Chamaeleo</i> </a>	Boulenger	1906	Small	Eggs	Experienced	<i>C. feae</i> is geographically restricted, known only from the montane rainforests of Fernando Poo Island in the Gulf of Guinea off the west coast of Africa. Male achieve a total length of 9 inches. Females are slightly smaller Formerly considered a subspecies of <i>C. montium</i>, <i>C. feae</i> is now considered a separate species and part of the "<i>C. (Trioceros) cristatus</i> complex." Males show a slightly raised helmet and have a relatively large backsail which ends at the first quarter of the tail. Basic color is green and the general shape is similar to that of <i>C. montium</i> females. Males have a broader tailbase (hemipenial bulge) than females and the backsail is larger. Females often show no recognizable sail but only a curved crest. Unlike <i>C. montium</i>, the males show no horns but exhibit two enlarged scales over the eyes. This is a montane rainforest species which comes from elevations of 1300-1600 m. The area is extremely humid. It is best to keep them like the related <i>C. montium</i> but a few degrees cooler. Little is known about their reproduction but they are assumed to reach sexual maturity at between 8-10 months. (Contributed by E. Pollak) <b>References</b> Klaver, C. & W. Böhme. 1997. Chamaeleonidae. Das Tierreich, 112: i-xiv' 1 - 85. Verlag Walter de Gruyter & Co., Berlin, New York. Martin, J., 1992. Masters of Disguise: A Natural History of Chameleons. Facts On File, Inc., New York, NY. Necas, P. 1999. Chameleons: Nature's Hidden Jewels. Krieger Publishing Company, Malabar, FL.
20	Chamaeleo	Trioceros	fuelleborni	Flapjack or Poroto Mountain 3-horned Chameleon	<i>Chamaeleon fuelleborni</i>. For alternate genus names <a href="tax.asp?id=9">click here for a species list of <i>Chamaeleo</i> </a>	Tornier	1900	Small	Live	Experienced	Restricted to the rainforests of the Poroto Mountains of Tanzania, <i>C. fuelleborni </i>reaches a length of only 8 inches with exceptional males to 10 inches. They are moderately aggressive toward conspecifics and timid toward keepers. <i>C. fuelleborni</i> is generally similar to <i>C. jacksonii</i> but smaller and plumper in appearance. This species is easily confused with <i>C. werneri</i>. They may be distinguished partly on the basis of the occipital lobes. The occipital lobes of <i>C. fuelleborni</i> have a maximum of 15 large, plate-like scales covering each lobe. These are intermingled with smaller scales. <i>C. werneri</i> has up 30 such plate-like scales, giving the impression that the lobes are larger and more elongated than in <i>C. fuelleborni</i>. Thus, the lobe scales on <i>C. werneri</i> appear to be finer than those on <i>C. fuelleborni</i> (Rob Pilley, personal communication). Male <i>C. fuelleborni</i> exhibit 3 well developed, annulated horns (2 preocular and one rostral) that are markedly smaller than <i>C. jacksonii</i>. Females possess 3 small, annulated horns. There is a prominent occipital lobe. The anterior segment of the parietal crest is forked. Ventral and gular crests are present as is a prominent dorsal crest composed of unequal sized cones. Squamation is heterogeneous. Coloration is a medium to light green with brown patterning. Scales on the occipital lobes, eye turrets and at the base of the horns are often a brownish-red. Off-white, broken stripes run down the flanks. The preocular and rostral horns are markedly larger in males than in females and this difference becomes apparent at approximately 4 months of age. Sexual maturity is achieved at approximately 6 months of age. Four-15 live young are born in a single clutch. It is typical to have only a single clutch per year. (Contributed by E. Pollak) <b>References</b> Abate, A. 1996. Chameleon profile: C. Fuelleborni, Part I. Chameleon Information Network #22, 15-21. Bartlett, R. D. and Bartlett, P. 1995. Chameleons: A Complete Pet Owner's Manual. Barron's Educations Series, Hauppuage, NY Davison, Linda J. 1997. Chameleons: Their Care and Breeding. Hancock House Publishers, Blaine, WA. Klaver, C. & W. Böhme. 1997. Chamaeleonidae. Das Tierreich, 112: i-xiv' 1 - 85. Verlag Walter de Gruyter & Co., Berlin, New York. Martin, J., 1992. Masters of Disguise: A Natural History of Chameleons. Facts On File, Inc., New York, NY. Necas, P. 1999. Chameleons: Nature's Hidden Jewels. Krieger Publishing Company, Malabar, FL.
21	Chamaeleo	Trioceros	hoehnelii	High Casqued Chameleon	<i>Chamaeleon hoehnelli, Chamaeleon leikipiensis, Chamaeleon bitaeniatus horhnelli, Chamaeleon leikipiensis hoehnelli, Chamaeleon bitaeniatus bergheri, Chamaeleon bitaeniatus hoenelli, Chamaeleon bitaeniatus altaelgonis, Chamaeleo hoehnelli, Chamaeleo hoehnelli altaelgonis</i>. For alternate genus names <a href="tax.asp?id=9">click here for a species list of <i>Chamaeleo</i> </a>	Steindachner	1891	Small	Live	Expert	Endemic to Kenya and eastern Uganda where it appears to be abundant in the humid, high mountain regions. Night time temperatures frequently drop to around freezing. The high-casqued chameleon reaches a total length of 7-10 inches (SVL 3-5 inches) and weighs from 15 - 70 grams. They are docile toward keepers but quite aggressive toward each other. This is a small species bearing a high casque with no occipital lobes. Rostral crests converge above the mouth tip into a round horn. Dorsal crest consists of 15 groups of 3 - 5 conical scales dominated by one massively conical scale. Small, medium and large body scales, with the large scales making two or more visible, lengthwise stripes. Various coloration according to population. Females are typically smaller in size, have a less developed casque, rostrals, dorsal crest, and smoother scalation. However, certain keepers have reported that some females are as large, or even larger, in size than the males, with well developed casques, rostrals, and crests. (Andy Beveridge, personal communication). Males show prominent hemipenial bulges at the base of the tail. Temperatures should be kept no higher than 80F during the day with a cool down of at least 20F degrees at night. The species can tolerate slightly higher temps for a short period if humidity is high and good ventilation is provided; but not for extended periods. Heat should be only provided by a hot spot; the rest of the environment should stay cooler. <i>C. hoehnelii</i> has high UV requirements and natural sunlight is beneficial. Humidity should be maintained at 80 - 100%. Hydration requirements are high and water is best accepted by simulating warm rainfall, although some <i>C. hoehnelii</i> enjoy drinking from a drip system. Most appropriate sized prey items are accepted eagerly. Males are very aggressive towards other males and similar looking species. While this species should be housed singly in standard cages, some authorities have kept them in pairs or 1.2 groups but only within very large enclosures; pregnant females should be kept alone. Females, depending on size and maturity, bear between 4 - 22 live babies. Gestation is approximately 150 days and females may give birth 2 times a year. (Contributed by Susan James and E. Pollak) <b>References</b> Klaver, C. & W. Böhme. 1997. Chamaeleonidae. Das Tierreich, 112: i-xiv' 1 - 85. Verlag Walter de Gruyter & Co., Berlin, New York. Martin, J., 1992. Masters of Disguise: A Natural History of Chameleons. Facts On File, Inc., New York, NY. Necas, P. 1999. Chameleons: Nature's Hidden Jewels. Krieger Publishing Company, Malabar, FL. Schmidt, W., Tamm, K. and Wallikewitz, E. 1994a. Chameleons, Volume I: Species. T.F.H. Publications, Neptune City, NJ.
22	Chamaeleo	Trioceros	jacksonii merumontanus	Mt. Meru or Dwarf Jackson's Chameleon	<i>Chamaeleo jacksoni merumontana</i>. For alternate genus names <a href="tax.asp?id=9">click here for a species list of <i>Chamaeleo</i> </a>	Rand	1958	Small	Live	Experienced	<i>C. j. merumontanus</i> (also known as the Mt. Meru or dwarf Jackson's chameleon) inhabits the mid to high elevations of Mt. Meru and the Arusha district of Tanzania. Smaller than <i>C. j. jacksonii</i> and <i>xantholophus, C.j. merumontanus</i> males are longer and more slender than females, and can reach a total length of 6 - 8 inches, with a SVL of 3 – 4 inches. Females are slightly smaller, yet appear to be “bulkier” than males. Average weight of adults ranges from 25 to 35 grams. Males are highly aggressive toward conspecifics and at times can be moderately aggressive towards keepers. Females are generally timid. All should be housed separately. Cohabitation is tolerated for a short time for mating purposes. Coloration: Males are more colorful than females with a yellow head, blue–green flanks and eye turrets (which are sometimes a beautiful sky-blue), green legs and tail. Females range from brown at times to olive green, or a complete lime green. Stress coloration is dark brown, often with triangular patterns along the flanks. Scale pigmentation of the parietal crest is dark or dusky, similar to that of <i>C. j. jacksonii</i>, however, the scales are smooth like that of <i>C. j. xantholophus</i>. The dorsal crest can range from dark to yellow and runs the length of the trunk. Gular and ventral crests are absent. Males possess 3 prominent horns that are quite long in proportion to their body and are considered to be fairly fragile. Females possess a rostral horn and either rudimentary or no preocular horns. Many wild caught, imported females are lacking the rostral horn possibly due to the importation process or even natural causes, which results in a short wedge. Males exhibit a tail base swelling. Being native to montane rainforests with an average rainfall of over 50 inches, they require high humidity and cool temperatures in the low to mid 70s (F) with a basking spot in the low 80s. Nighttime temperatures in the 50s are tolerated as long as they are able to warm up to the 70s during the day. It is recommended to have at least a 10 degree F drop during the night. 3 mistings per day lasting 3-5 minutes each should be provided and supplemented by a drip system. An all screen enclosure should be used to allow for proper airflow as well as temperature gradients. Glass aquaria should be avoided. <i>C. j. merumontanus</i> is a very active chameleon so plenty of climbing areas should be provided to allow for natural behaviors like basking and hunting. The cage should be well planted to allow for privacy but keep the top clear; failing to do so will result in the chameleon constantly roaming the top of its cage, upside-down. Sexual maturity is reached at anywhere from 7 - 10 months but it is advised to wait until they are 12 months old for breeding. Gestation can take 5 to 7 months. Introduction of a female into a male’s cage will result in the male’s constant head jerking and brighter coloration. A receptive female will become light, olive-green, elevate her tail base, and allow male to mount. A non-receptive female’s color will darken and she will gape and sway from side to side. A gravid female will have a very round appearance. It is rare for the mothers of this subspecies to do any harm to their babies but they still need to be removed from her cage and into their own. Separate the young by size to avoid stress and competition for food. Females give birth to 3 - 10 young which feed eagerly on fruit flies within 24 hours of birth, and eventually, on pin head crickets. Prior to birth it is highly recommended to have many fruit fly cultures already producing flies. Babies are less tolerant of heat combined with low humidity so lower temperatures are recommended. Like adults, the babies are also avid baskers. In addition, plenty of light should be available, including a fluorescent UV light source. Care in misting is essential as asphyxiation is possible. A dripper is a must as the babies tend to be “water droplet shooters” rather than “leaf lappers”. Babies will have an overall brown coloration with reddish triangular patterns along flanks. Sex can be determined by horn development at 2 months. Two clutches per year are possible. Despite the reported ability of females to store sperm, a female will rarely produce a viable clutch without a recent copulation. (Contributed by Steve O'Meara) <b>References</b> Abate, A. and Kalisch, K. 1994. Chameleon profile: Jackson's chameleon. Chameleon Information Network #14, 19-28. Bartlett, R. D. and Bartlett, P. 1995. Chameleons: A Complete Pet Owner's Manual. Barron's Educations Series, Hauppuage, NY Davison, Linda J. 1997. Chameleons: Their Care and Breeding. Hancock House Publishers, Blaine, WA. De Vosjoli, P. 1998. Preliminary obsevations on intraspecies communication in the Jackson's chameleon. Chameleon Information Network # 28, 16-25. De Vosjoli, P. and Ferguson, G. 1995. Care and Breeding of Chameleons. Advanced Vivarium Systems, Santee, CA. Klaver, C. & W. Böhme. 1997. Chamaeleonidae. Das Tierreich, 112: i-xiv' 1 - 85. Verlag Walter de Gruyter & Co., Berlin, New York. Le Berre, F. 1994. The New Chameleon Handbook. Barron's Educational Series. Martin, J., 1992. Masters of Disguise: A Natural History of Chameleons. Facts On File, Inc., New York, NY. Necas, P. 1999. Chameleons: Nature's Hidden Jewels. Krieger Publishing Company, Malabar, FL.
23	Chamaeleo	Trioceros	jacksonii jacksonii	Jackson's Chameleon	Chamaeleon jacksoni, Chamaeleon jacksoni jacksoni, Chamaeleon jacksoni vauerescecae, Chamaeleo jacksonii willigensis. For alternate genus names <a href="tax.asp?id=9">click here for a species list of <i>Chamaeleo</i> </a>	Boulenger	1896	Medium	Live	Experienced	The nominate form of <i>C. jacksonii</i> is abundant in the mid-elevation rain forests and agricultural lands of Mount Kenya, Kenya and possibly the Usambara and Aberdare Mountains of Tanzania. Males grow to 10 inches total length (SVL 4-5 inches). Females are slightly smaller. Males are highly aggressive toward conspecifics but generally timid toward keepers. Some specimens of <i>C. j. jacksonii</i> have been erroneously classified as <i>C. j.</i> "willegensis". The designation "willegensis" was reportedly the name given given to a smuggled shipment of <i>C. jacksonii</i> which was seized by the Dutch authorities. Not knowing the origin of the shipment, they named the putative subspecies after the alleged smuggler. For some reason, the name <i>C. j.</i> "willegensis" stuck but this was never a formal scientific designation and taxonimists now consider <i>C. j.</i> "willigensis" to be within the range of variation of the nominate form, <i>C. j. jacksonii</i> (R. Pilley, personal communication. For additional information on this issue see <a href="http://verity.mcphu.edu/adcham/tax.asp?id=12">http://verity.mcphu.edu/adcham/tax.asp?id=12</a>) The description of <i>C. j. jacksonii</i> is similar to that for <i>C. jacksonii xantholophus</i> except for the following differences: 1) The size of <i>C. j. jacksonii</i> falls between that of the larger <i>xantholophus</i> and smaller <i>merumontanus</i>. 2) Female <i>C. j. jacksonii</i> have a well developed rostral horn. The female's preocular horns vary from absent to well developed. 3) Scale pigmentation on the parietal and dorsal crests are similar to <i>merumontanus</i> and darker than <i>xantholophus</i>. Source: Abate, A. and Kalish, K., CiN Issue 14, Winter, 1994). Additionally, <i>C. j. jacksonii</i> tends to have a “rougher” parietal crest, unlike that of <i>merumontanus</i> and <i>xantholophus</i> which tend to be somewhat smooth. Male horns, especially the rostral, appear to be darker in color and thicker than that of meru and xant. Males of all three subspecies (<i>merumontanus</i>, <i>jacksonii</i> and <i>xantholophus</i>) have well developed, annulated preocular and rostral horns. Males exhibit a tail base swelling. Male coloration is an overall light green with a yellow stripe along the flank. A splash of light blue can be seen on the head and tail base. Coloration of the form formerly know as “willegensis” is blue on the head and green on the top part of the body with a canary yellow band on the flank that can extend from the gular region to the tail base. There is blue on the belly and their tails are dark green with blue spots. Female coloration ranges from dark olive to light green. Female horn development varies within each clutch from a single rostral horn to 3 developed horns. Because this subspecies is rarely seen in captivity little is known for certain about their husbandry and reproduction. It assumed that their requirements are very similar to those of <i>C. j. xantholophus</i>. However, they generally give birth to a single clutch per year. Each clutch has from 6-35 live young and sexual maturity occurs at approximately 5 months. (Contributed by E.Pollak) <b>References</b> Abate, A. and Kalisch, K. 1994. Chameleon profile: Jackson's chameleon. Chameleon Information Network #14, 19-28. Bartlett, R. D. and Bartlett, P. 1995. Chameleons: A Complete Pet Owner's Manual. Barron's Educations Series, Hauppuage, NY Davison, Linda J. 1997. Chameleons: Their Care and Breeding. Hancock House Publishers, Blaine, WA. De Vosjoli, P. 1998. Preliminary obsevations on intraspecies communication in the Jackson's chameleon. Chameleon Information Network # 28, 16-25. De Vosjoli, P. and Ferguson, G. 1995. Care and Breeding of Chameleons. Advanced Vivarium Systems, Santee, CA. Klaver, C. & W. Böhme. 1997. Chamaeleonidae. Das Tierreich, 112: i-xiv' 1 - 85. Verlag Walter de Gruyter & Co., Berlin, New York. Le Berre, F. 1994. The New Chameleon Handbook. Barron's Educational Series. Martin, J., 1992. Masters of Disguise: A Natural History of Chameleons. Facts On File, Inc., New York, NY. Necas, P. 1999. Chameleons: Nature's Hidden Jewels. Krieger Publishing Company, Malabar, FL. Schmidt, W., Tamm, K. and Wallikewitz, E. 1994a. Chameleons, Volume I: Species. T.F.H. Publications, Neptune City, NJ. Schmidt, W., Tamm, K. and Wallikewitz, 1994b. Chameleons, Volume II: Care and Breeding. T.F.H. Publications, Neptune City, NJ.
24	Chamaeleo	Trioceros	jacksonii xantholophus	Jackson's Chameleon	None. For alternate genus names <a href="tax.asp?id=9">click here for a species list of <i>Chamaeleo</i> </a>	Eason, Ferguson & Hebrard	1988	Medium	Live	Novice	<i>C. j. xantholophus</i> is locally abundant in the cool montane rainforests of Kenya, Tanzania and Hawaii (introduced). They may reach a total length of 12-14 inches with a SVL of 4-6 inches. Adults may weigh anywhere from 80 over 150 grams for a large, gravid female. Specimens are only moderately aggressive toward keepers but quite aggressive toward conspecifics. Characteristically described as a miniature <i>Triceratops</i>, this is a striking, lime green chameleon. Some have attractive yellow highlights while others sport a bluish tinge to their green coloration. Stress coloration is dark brown, often with a pattern of lighter colored diamonds along the flanks. When cold or under severe stress, a uniform dark brown is typical. Some specimens have been reported to live as long as 9 years although 5-6 years is more typical. The casque is low, lacks occipital lobes and projects a few millimeters behind the head. A prominent dorsal crest runs the length of the trunk. Gular striations may be apparent, particularly in juvenile animals. Gender Identification: Males have three prominent horns. As the names of these horns imply, two originate in front of the eyes (i.e., preocular horns) and the third, rostral horn, from the snout. (The word rostral is derived from the Latin word for "beak.") Females of <i>C. j. xantholophus</i> have only small, vestigial horns. The difference is quite obvious in adults and a small difference may be seen in juveniles as young as 8-12 weeks. Being native to montane rainforests, these chains require cool temperatures and high humidity. Basking temperatures should be 80-85F with a night time temperature drop of at least 10F degrees. Night time temperatures into the 40F range or even lower are well tolerated as long as the animal has the ability to warm up to 70F or higher during the day. Two-three mistings per day, each lasting 3-5 minutes should be supplemented by a drip system. An ultrasonic humidifier is useful in maintaining proper humidity and is highly recommended. As with most chameleons, glass aquaria should be avoided. In addition to making it difficult to provide the proper temperature gradient, glass aquaria do not permit the air flow needed to prevent respiratory infections. Although they readily accept a variety of prey items, <i>C. jacksonii xantholophus</i> is sensitive to oversupplementation and exhibits significant edema, particularly in the cervical region if vitamin supplements are used more than once a week. As with most chameleons, males are highly aggressive toward conspecifics and must be housed separately. There are reports of successful group housing of females but only in very large walk-in types of cages. Solitary housing is highly recommended for all members of this species. Females give birth to 10-30 live young after a gestation of 5-10 months. As is true of most chameleons, females of this species are reportedly able to store sperm, thus accounting for their reported ability to deliver several clutches from a single mating. Despite this common wisdom, there are surprisingly few documented cases of this phenomenon in captive specimens. Ten - 30 live young are born in a single clutch. One clutch per year seems to be the rule but 2 clutches per year may be possible. As with most live bearers the babies are quite delicate and should be sorted and housed by size frequently to minimize the social stress that may inhibit their growth and contribute to a high infant mortality. The young feed eagerly on <i>Drosophila hydeii</i> and later on pinhead crickets. Adequate supplies of productive <i>D. hydeii</i> cultures must be on hand when a clutch is expected. Babies are less tolerant of heat and low humidity than are the adults and slightly lower temperatures are recommended. When misting the babies, care should be taken to direct the spray at the plant leaves rather than the babies themselves as a droplet of water on its snout may asphyxiate such a tiny animal. Sexual maturity is reached in 5-6 months although most breeders suggest waiting to breed a female until she 9-12 months old. For two excellent articles on the ecology and behavior of Jackson's chameleons in Hawaii see the articles by <a href="http://www.hear.org/AlienSpeciesInHawaii/waringreports/chameleon.htm">Dr. George H. Waring </a>and <a href="http://verity.mcphu.edu/adcham/mapshabitat.asp?id=7">James M. Ko </a> (Contributed by E. Pollak) <b>References</b> Abate, A. and Kalisch, K. 1994. Chameleon profile: Jackson's chameleon. Chameleon Information Network #14, 19-28. Bartlett, R. D. and Bartlett, P. 1995. Chameleons: A Complete Pet Owner's Manual. Barron's Educations Series, Hauppuage, NY Davison, Linda J. 1997. Chameleons: Their Care and Breeding. Hancock House Publishers, Blaine, WA. De Vosjoli, P. 1998. Preliminary obsevations on intraspecies communication in the Jackson's chameleon. Chameleon Information Network # 28, 16-25. De Vosjoli, P. and Ferguson, G. 1995. Care and Breeding of Chameleons. Advanced Vivarium Systems, Santee, CA. Klaver, C. & W. Böhme. 1997. Chamaeleonidae. Das Tierreich, 112: i-xiv' 1 - 85. Verlag Walter de Gruyter & Co., Berlin, New York. Le Berre, F. 1994. The New Chameleon Handbook. Barron's Educational Series. Martin, J., 1992. Masters of Disguise: A Natural History of Chameleons. Facts On File, Inc., New York, NY. Necas, P. 1999. Chameleons: Nature's Hidden Jewels. Krieger Publishing Company, Malabar, FL. Schmidt, W., Tamm, K. and Wallikewitz, E. 1994a. Chameleons, Volume I: Species. T.F.H. Publications, Neptune City, NJ. Schmidt, W., Tamm, K. and Wallikewitz, 1994b. Chameleons, Volume II: Care and Breeding. T.F.H. Publications, Neptune City, NJ.
25	Chamaeleo	Trioceros	melleri	Meller's Chameleon or Giant One-horned Chameleon	<i>Ensirostris melleri, Chamaeleon melleri</i> For alternate genus names <a href="tax.asp?id=9">click here for a species list of <i>Chamaeleo</i> </a>	Gray	1865	Large	Eggs	Expert	<i>C. melleri</i> is abundant in the savannahs of east Africa, including Malawi, northern Mozambique and Tanzania. This is the largest of the African Chamaeleonidae. Males may reach 24 inches in total length. Females are slightly smaller. Males are highly aggressive toward conspecifics. Females are somewhat less so. Behavior toward keepers tends vary from moderately aggressive to timid. The head is relatively small compared to the rest of the body and is more elongated compared to others of the genus. A sharp medial ridge is apparent from the eyes to the tip of the snout. The relatively low casque bears greatly enlarged occipital lobes. The body is stout and the tail is relatively short, approximately 1/3 the size of the rest of the body. Ventral and gular crests are undeveloped but a low, scalloped crest extends from just behind the casque through the proximal half of the tail. Scalation is heterogeneous. One of the most notable features is the longitudinal rows of large, granular scales in the gular region. Other enlarged, granular scales are distributed homogeneously on the trunk and limbs. The basic coloration is green. Dots and broad vertical bands on the flanks may be brown, dark green, yellow or even black. In addition to being slightly smaller than males, the medial crest anterior to the eyes is smaller in females and the dorsal crest and occipital lobes are less well developed. There is little information of the captive care of <i>C. melleri</i> due, in part, to the heavy parasite loads and high death rates of WC specimens. Several reports suggest, however, that this species needs a great deal of room and does best in a free-ranging set up. Hydration requirements are thought to be considerable. They have been reported to live for as long as 12 years. Fifteen to 70 eggs are laid with an average of 50 but only a single clutch is usually laid annually. (Contributed by E. Pollak) <b>References</b> Klaver, C. & W. Böhme. 1997. Chamaeleonidae. Das Tierreich, 112: i-xiv' 1 - 85. Verlag Walter de Gruyter & Co., Berlin, New York. Le Berre, F. 1994. The New Chameleon Handbook. Barron's Educational Series. Martin, J., 1992. Masters of Disguise: A Natural History of Chameleons. Facts On File, Inc., New York, NY. Necas, P. 1999. Chameleons: Nature's Hidden Jewels. Krieger Publishing Company, Malabar, FL.
26	Chamaeleo	Trioceros	montium	Mountain or Sailfin Chameleon	<i>Chamaeleon montium, Chamaeleo monticum</i> For alternate genus names <a href="tax.asp?id=9">click here for a species list of <i>Chamaeleo</i> </a>	Buchholz	1874	Medium	Eggs	Experienced	The Mountain Chameleon is indigenous to Cameroon where it inhabits lower to mid-elevation mountain watersheds and montane cloud forests. Males grow to 10 inches (TL). Females grow to 8 inches. They are typically quite aggressive toward conspecifies but shy toward keepers. This species has long rostral horns projecting straight forward along the lower snout, a high, distinctly scalloped dorsal crest, and an even higher sailfin tail. The primary body shading can vary from neon to dark forest green or blue with gravid females often showing red skin between the green scales. Males in display sport bright blue, lime green and yellow spots along the head and shoulders. Both sexes have large plate-like "disk" scales along the body which vary in color from orange, to pale green, to sky blue. Males often have a yellow stripe with blue edges running diagonally from the middle of the back to the abdomen. Mature individuals reach an average (snout to tail tip) length of 5" to 10" for males. Females possess conical "horn-bud" scales but no horns. Males possess the high scalloped dorsal crest and the high tail fin, as well as the bright "display" colors. Females are smaller in size. If parasites are treated correctly and if environmental preferences are met, WC montiums can be a hardy captive for the experienced chameleon keeper. 100% humidity is required for this species as well as constant daytime hydration by humidifier, drip, and/or spray/mist. Daytime temperatures should be approximately 75F with a basking area of around 85F, and as high as 90F, and no more than a 20 degree drop at night. Individual caging should be maintained, with cages densely planted and well lit with fresh UV bulbs. This species can be very shy, and if approached too quickly or closely, have a tendency to "drop and run", blackening, turning flips or hiding in corners on the ground. Most prey insects are accepted by this species and they are good hunters, so bowl feeding should be discouraged. Males in particular appear to be sensitive to over-supplementation, so care in use should be taken with these products. Instead, the keeper should rely on a nutritious diet for feeder insects. Reproduction in captivity may be difficult as the males are sometimes reluctant to breed. By keeping the female physically and visually separate and then introducing her when she is receptive, and by cooling the cage and increasing hydration/humidity, the male be encouraged to court and copulate. Once gravid, the female assumes darker colors; gestation is 2 - 3 months. Females should be supplied with a proper laying site, as they are not particular about where they lay 5-25 eggs, and will lay them anywhere. Two -3 clutches may be laid in a single year. Incubation is approximately 21 weeks. Incubation temperatures have been reported as successful in a wide range, from 60 F to 90F. The most commonly recommended temperature is around 75F with a few degrees drop at night. Babies often hatch "en mass' and with eager appetites. Sexual maturity is reached at approximately 6 months. (Contributed by Susan James and E. Pollak) <b>References</b> Davison, Linda J. 1997. Chameleons: Their Care and Breeding. Hancock House Publishers, Blaine, WA. Klaver, C. & W. Böhme. 1997. Chamaeleonidae. Das Tierreich, 112: i-xiv' 1 - 85. Verlag Walter de Gruyter & Co., Berlin, New York. Le Berre, F. 1994. The New Chameleon Handbook. Barron's Educational Series. Martin, J., 1992. Masters of Disguise: A Natural History of Chameleons. Facts On File, Inc., New York, NY. Necas, P. 1999. Chameleons: Nature's Hidden Jewels. Krieger Publishing Company, Malabar, FL.
27	Chamaeleo	Trioceros	oweni	Owen's Chameleon	<i>Chamaeleon owenii, Chamaeleo tricornis, Chamaeleon bibroni, Trioceros grayii, Chamaeleon unicornis, Chamaeleon oweni, Chamaeleo michelli, Chamaselein mitchelli</i> For alternate genus names <a href="tax.asp?id=9">click here for a species list of <i>Chamaeleo</i> </a>	Gray	1831	Medium	Eggs	Expert	<i>C. oweni</i> is indigenous to the lowland rainforests of west Africa. This extremely shy chameleon reaches a total length of 2-15 inches. Three smooth, slightly annulated horns are present only in the males. The casque has small occipital lobes and is very low. There are large scales on the head crests and parts of the body. Scalation is smooth. There is no dorsal crest but there are two rows of standard scales along the back. Coloration consists of green, black, brown, red, orange, yellow, and white with a basic color pattern. Three broad transverse stripes, mostly light, adorn the sides and stripes also appear on the tail. Dark cross stripes on the legs and bodies are either uniformly colored or have light dots or markings. From the center of the eye, stretching over the jaws and under the mouth and continuing caudally, are dark narrow stripes. Females are smaller than males and do not have horns. The male's head can be pink with bright red dots. Gravid females can be dark with bright orange or yellow dots. <i>C. oweni</i> is a lowland species but similar to <i>C. montium</i> in care considerations. 100% humidity is required as well as constant daytime hydration by humidifier, drip, and/or spray/mist. Daytime temperatures should be approximately 75F with a basking area of around 85F, and as high as 90F with no more than a 20 degree drop at night. Individual caging should be maintained, with cages densely planted and well lit with fresh UVB bulbs. Most prey insects are accepted by this species and they are good hunters so bowl feeding should be discouraged. Males in particular appear to be sensitive to over-supplementation, as most montane species are. <i>C. oweni</i> are extremely shy and giving them privacy should be a foremost consideration. They do very poorly in captivity and for this reason should be kept only by the expert chameleon keeper. Little is known about the reproduction of this species. One female bred and gestation was 3 ½ <b>References</b> Klaver, C. & W. Böhme. 1997. Chamaeleonidae. Das Tierreich, 112: i-xiv' 1 - 85. Verlag Walter de Gruyter & Co., Berlin, New York. Martin, J., 1992. Masters of Disguise: A Natural History of Chameleons. Facts On File, Inc., New York, NY. Necas, P. 1999. Chameleons: Nature's Hidden Jewels. Krieger Publishing Company, Malabar, FL.D>
28	Chamaeleo	Trioceros	pfefferi	Pfeffer's Chameleon	<i>Chamaeleon pfefferi, Chamaeleo pfefferi</i>. For alternate genus names <a href="tax.asp?id=9">click here for a species list of <i>Chamaeleo</i> </a>	Tornier	1900	Small	Eggs	Expert	Native to the mid-elevation montane regions of Cameroon, <i>C. pfefferi</i> is a small, docile chameleon with males reaching total lengths of only 6-8 inches (SVL Length: 2.5-3.5 inches; 10-18 grams) with females slightly smaller. There is a well developed casque. Twenty-five plate-like scales adorn the body on each side. There is a prominent gular crest with spiky conical scales spaced far apart on both sexes, numbering 10 to 13. The rostral process is well developed, rising diagonally upwards over the nostrils (bridging two short diverging horns) and are concave and somewhat flattened vertically. 0scalation is heterogeneous in both sexes. The top of head is orange or orange with light blue to violet scales. The temporal, lateral, orbital, and canthal crests and rostral are orange. Body coloration can include red, blue, green, yellow, brown and orange and varies between individuals. A brownish-orange to faded black horizontal eye stripe is present in both sexes. Tails measure slightly longer than bodies (SVL). Females are slightly smaller than males. The dorsal crest is less developed in females. Rostral are well developed on males, but appear on females as a small ridge, fused at the base and separated apart in front. Females lack the vivid coloration displayed by the male. (Primary source: Schuetze, T., 1998. Chameleon Information Network 30, pp 14-19.) <i>C. pfefferi</i> prefer moderate temperatures of around 8OF days with a 20 degree drop at night. Humidity is ideal at 80%. Water is eagerly accepted by dripping. They seem to dislike being sprayed or "rained on". Prey items are eagerly accepted with a particular fondness for flies and worms. Hatchlings willingly eat fruit flies, pinhead crickets, or tiny waxworms. Little is known about reproduction. Breeding can occur at 6 months. Five - 11 eggs are laid per clutch. Number of clutches per year is unknown. Gestation is 2 ½ <b>References</b> Klaver, C. & W. Böhme. 1997. Chamaeleonidae. Das Tierreich, 112: i-xiv' 1 - 85. Verlag Walter de Gruyter & Co., Berlin, New York. Martin, J., 1992. Masters of Disguise: A Natural History of Chameleons. Facts On File, Inc., New York, NY. Necas, P. 1999. Chameleons: Nature's Hidden Jewels. Krieger Publishing Company, Malabar, FL.D>
29	Chamaeleo	Trioceros	quadricornis	Four-horned or Cameroon Bearded Chameleon	None. For alternate genus names <a href="tax.asp?id=9">click here for a species list of <i>Chamaeleo</i> </a>	Tornier	1899	Medium	Eggs	Experienced	Mature individuals top out at an average total length of 10" to 15" (25 to 37 cm) for males, with females running 2" to 3" (5 to 7 cm) shorter but with a slightly stockier build. In captivity, a healthy quad can live for over 5 years. They are only moderately aggressive toward conspecifics and keepers. <i>C. quadricornis</i> is native to a handful of semi-isolated upper montane cloud forest areas in Cameroon and possibly, Nigeria. There are also some reports of it occupying hilly savannah edge. <i>C. quadricornis</i> possesses a high casque but lacks occipital lobes. Despite its name, males actually exhibit 3 pairs of small rostral horns but the posterior pair may be undeveloped. A row of conical scales forms a ventral crest, most pronounced in the gular region and becoming progressively smaller toward the cloaca. On the back and proximal 1/3 of the tail there is a sail-fin. It is for this reason that some pet shops may mis-label <i>C. quadricornis</i> as a "sail-fin chameleon" thereby confusing it with <i>C. montium</i>. While males sport horns and a high tail fin, some females occasionally develop rudimentary horn buds and possess at least partial tail fins. Body scalation is heterogeneous. The primary body shading can vary from neon to dark forest green to even teal and powder blue or mixtures. The typical display pattern is generally bright to medium green with wave-like washes of dilute bluish white or parchment along the upper sides. The casque (top of the head) usually sports distinct robin's egg blue or burnt orange spotting surrounding a tan to burnt orange oblong central core. Claws may be a rich red color. <b>Environmental Requirements</b> The most important factors in successfully maintaining <i>C. quadricornis</i> in captivity involve meeting their water and humidity requirements. The area of Cameroon where <i>C. quadricornis</i> originates experiences 400 inches of rain a year. The ideal daytime temperatures are 72 to 76 F (22 to 25 C) accompanied by a relative humidity of 70% or higher. If you cannot provide such high humidity then it is very important to provide plenty of drinking water. As with most chameleons, they also prefer a distinct 5 to 10 F (5 C) night time temperature drop accompanied by an increase in the relative humidity. Thus NO nightlights or under-cage heating pads are recommended. They tolerate regular lows into the high 50's F with no apparent difficulty. Consistent lows (in the low 50's F or less) or consistent highs (above 85 F) are risky and should be avoided. <b>Housing Concerns</b> Most chameleons are solitary by nature and must be housed individually. Take this into consideration before you talk yourself into buying a pair. If choosing a first chameleon then a male is strongly recommended. Females may suffer from dystocia (egg-binding) and are, therefore, more difficult to maintain than are males. Ideally you should buy or make a screen cage. This ensures good ventilation, provides walls which the chameleon can understand and climb if necessary (though watch their grip as they can hurt their feet if the mesh is sharp edged or of unsuitable size). An added benefit of a screen cage is that you can place all the lights and drip and misting systems on the outside and you can easily mist the plant leaves without opening the cage. Glass tanks are prone to heat retention and provide poor ventilation. The combination of high humidity, higher temperatures and poor ventilation means that a glass tank quickly becomes a breeding ground for bacteria and fungal growth that inevitably leads to infection and the slow decline of your chameleon. Additionally, glass sides tend to act as mirrors, giving the inhabitant the impression that another chameleon is nearby. For most species of chameleon, this is very stressful. A cage size of at least 3' tall x 2' deep x 2' long will house most individual adult quads comfortably. Keeping live, potted plants in the cage is almost essential. Dwarf Schefflera is a good choice and we find that a hanging basket (such as <i>Aeschynanthus lobbianus</i>) suspended near the top of the cage is excellent for supporting the weight of an active, growing quad. Supplement the live plant(s) with clean (dead) sticks and branches so that the chameleon may travel all over the cage. Ensure that the branches vary in width so that the chameleon can exercise his/her feet properly. Quads do not generally eat leaves but even so it is probably best to avoid poisonous plants such as ivy (<i>Hedera</i>), philodendrons etc. Purchase and set up your housing at least several days prior to taking the animal home. Put a thermometer/hydrometer in the cage from the start so you can verify the temperature and humidity at any point in time. Dehydration is one of the most common problems and usually indicates that your housing or hydration practices are inadequate and immediate steps should be taken to rectify the stituation. If the eyes appear slightly sunken, place the individual on a large potted plant and place it in the shower. Using a gentle, cool mist approx. 65F) allow the the individual to be "rained on" for at least an hour. If you do not have a fine mist setting on your shower head you can bounce the spray off of the shower wall to create a finer mist. Sunken eyes may also indicate other problems and if they persist more than an hour or two after a shower, a vet’s attention may be needed. Don't let an animal go more than a day or two with sunken eyes before contacting a vet with experience working with reptiles. <b>Lighting</b> UVB-producing fluorescent tubes such as Repti-Sun 510 R (Zoo-Med) are probably the best choice for the primary lighting. Quads are not much for basking but if ill or stressed, they will sometimes seek out a sunlit spot. Thus, a small wattage incandescant bulb is all that is required for basking. The UV tube is a poor substitute for natural unfiltered sunlight so if you have the opportunity to place your chameleon cage outside on sunny days then the chameleon will benefit greatly. In hot weather be sure that they have sufficient shade available to them in case they overheat. Sunlight coming through a window, is of little benefit because normal glass filters out the UV-B which they require. <b>Humidity Control/Drinking Water</b> Ideally, the cage and its flora should be heavily misted several times daily, more often in hot weather. All of our cages are plumbed into an automatic misting system which showers the interiors 4 times per day. This satisfies all drinking water needs and maintains a consistently high relative humidity. As the amount of water entering these cages exceeds evaporation rates, these cages are also plumbed with drains to prevent standing water from accumulating and becoming a health concern. Hand misting also works quite well and is a more practical option for most pet owners. Cage floor substrate is a matter of choice but we find that capillary matting (from your local garden centre) works well and is easily removed, rinsed and replaced regularly. If you rely on hand spraying (as opposed to an automatic mister, we would recommend putting a simple drip system (available at most larger pet shops or you can just use a plastic or paper cup with a pinhole in the bottom) in or on top of the cage. If you arrange the water to drip onto and run over the leaves of a plant the water flow will attract their attention and they will drink when they are thirsty. They may not drink every time or they may not drink when you are looking but always provide this drinking water at least once or twice a day in addition to the regular mistings. <b>Diet/Feeding Schedule</b> As varied a diet as possible is highly desirable. Small moths and butterflies seem to be quads’ preferred prey items, but zoophobas worms, woodlice and house flies are also usually readily consumed. Wax moth larvae may also be offered but wax-worms are very high in fat and should be offered only sparingly. The quantity of food needed varies by individual but particularly with female chameleons it is important not to overfeed as this can lead to dangerously large clutches of eggs. Crickets invariably make up the bulk of most captive chameleon's diet. It's important that you feed your crickets a good diet as it ultimately becomes the chameleon's food as well. We use chopped carrots and mixed leafy vegetables as the main diet. Don't supply additional water, let the vegetables be the crickets water source. This will result in less smelly cricket containers and longer-lived crickets. Quads are sensitive to excessive vitamin A so we prefer not to use any commercial vitamin supplements but rely on using well-fed feeder insects. We do very occasionally use a mineral supplement such as Miner-All (O). Remember to remove feces daily and generally keep your chameleon’s cage clean! <i>C. quadricornis</i> lays from 8-15 eggs in a clutch. Two-3 clutches may be laid per year. The young reach sexual maturity at approximately 6 months. (Contributed by Andy and Janette Beveridge) <b>References</b> Bartlett, R. D. and Bartlett, P. 1995. Chameleons: A Complete Pet Owner's Manual. Barron's Educations Series, Hauppuage, NY Davison, Linda J. 1997. Chameleons: Their Care and Breeding. Hancock House Publishers, Blaine, WA. Klaver, C. & W. Böhme. 1997. Chamaeleonidae. Das Tierreich, 112: i-xiv' 1 - 85. Verlag Walter de Gruyter & Co., Berlin, New York. Le Berre, F. 1994. The New Chameleon Handbook. Barron's Educational Series. Martin, J., 1992. Masters of Disguise: A Natural History of Chameleons. Facts On File, Inc., New York, NY. Necas, P. 1999. Chameleons: Nature's Hidden Jewels. Krieger Publishing Company, Malabar, FL.
30	Chamaeleo	Trioceros	rudis	Rough or Mountain Chameleon	<i>Chamaeleon rudis, Chamaeleon bitaeniatus rudis, Chamaeleon bitaeniatus graueri, Chaeleo bitaeniatus tornieri, Chamaeleon burgeoni</i>. For alternate genus names <a href="tax.asp?id=9">click here for a species list of <i>Chamaeleo</i> </a>	Boulenger	1906	Small	Live	Experienced	<i>Photos are of C. rudis sternfeldi</i> The nominate form, <i>C. rudis rudis</i> is indigenous to Uganda, Rwanda and northeastern Democratic Republic of the Congo (D.R.C.; Zaire). <i>C. rudis schoutendeni</i> is found in the the Kabobo Mountains of the eastern D.E.C. C. rudis schubotzi is reported only on Mt. Kenya (Kenya) and <i>C. rudis sternfeldi</i> in Tanzania. <i>C. rudis</i> is a montane species, inhabiting low bushes and grasses of the alpine zone. The dorsal crest is small and irregular while the gular crest has an even, serrated appearance. Males exhibit a small rostral process. The casque is relatively small and lacks occipital lobes. Total length to 6-7 inches. Body scalation is only moderately heterogeneous. Coloration varies from green to reddish brown. (Contributed by E. Pollak) <b>References</b> Klaver, C. & W. Böhme. 1997. Chamaeleonidae. Das Tierreich, 112: i-xiv' 1 - 85. Verlag Walter de Gruyter & Co., Berlin, New York. Martin, J., 1992. Masters of Disguise: A Natural History of Chameleons. Facts On File, Inc., New York, NY. Necas, P. 1999. Chameleons: Nature's Hidden Jewels. Krieger Publishing Company, Malabar, FL.
31	Chamaeleo	Trioceros	werneri	Werner's Chameleon	<i>Chamaeleon werneri</i>. For alternate genus names <a href="tax.asp?id=9">click here for a species list of <i>Chamaeleo</i> </a>	Tornier	1899	Medium	Live	Expert	Native to the Uzungwe and Uluguru Mountains, Tanzania, Werner's chameleon is a montane species, geographically restricted and probably threatened. Males have 2 preocular and one rostral horn. Females have only a single, large rostral horn or no horns at all. This difference becomes apparent beginning at approximately 4 months of age. <i>C. werneri</i> attains a total length of 12 inches. Very similar to <i>C. fuelleborni</i>, <i>C. werneri</i> and <i>C. fuelleborni</i> may be distinguished partly on the basis of the occipital lobes. The occipital lobes of <i>C. fuelleborni</i> have a maximum of 15 large, plate-like scales covering each lobe. These are intermingled with smaller scales. <i>C. werneri</i> has up 30 such plate-like scales, giving the impression that the lobes are larger and more elongated than in <i>C. fuelleborni</i>. Thus, the lobe scales on <i>C. werneri</i> appear to be finer than those on <i>C. fuelleborni</i> (Rob Pilley, personal communication). Male <i>C. werneri</i> have 3 annulated horns (1 rostral and 2 preocular). Females have a single large, annulated rostral horn. The parietal crest is anteriorly forked and the large occipital lobes are completely fused. There is a well developed dorsal crest which has a scalloped appearance (compared to the spiked appearance of the dorsal crest in <i>C. fuelleborni</i>). Small gular and ventral crests are present. Squamation is roughly heterogeneous. Basic coloration is brown with cream markings. However, the interstitial skin is a red-pink, often giving the animal a decidedly reddish tint. <i>C. werneri</i> is moderately aggressive toward conspecifics but little is known about their husbandry and for this reason they should be kept only by those with extensive experience in chameleon husbandry. Approximately 9-30 live young are born and only one clutch/year seems to be the rule. Sexual maturity occurs at 6 months of age. (Contributed by E. Pollak) <b>References</b> Klaver, C. & W. Böhme. 1997. Chamaeleonidae. Das Tierreich, 112: i-xiv' 1 - 85. Verlag Walter de Gruyter & Co., Berlin, New York. Martin, J., 1992. Masters of Disguise: A Natural History of Chameleons. Facts On File, Inc., New York, NY. Necas, P. 1999. Chameleons: Nature's Hidden Jewels. Krieger Publishing Company, Malabar, FL.
32	Chamaeleo	Trioceros	wiedersheimi	Peacock Chameleon; Mount Lefo Chameleon	<i>Chamaeleon wiedersheimi, Chamaeleon serratus</i>. For alternate genus names <a href="tax.asp?id=9">click here for a species list of <i>Chamaeleo</i> </a>	Nieden	1910	Medium	Eggs	Expert	A poorly known chameleon from northern Cameroon and eastern Nigeria. <i>C. wiedersheimi</i> inhabits low bushes of montane rain forests. This is a small chameleon, reaching only 8 inches in total length. Indentifying characteristics include "Dorsal knobs, temporal crest, lateral row of larger shields on the flank, and an indistinct groove on the upper lip from nostril to nostril." (Martin, 1992; p. 39) Little is know of their reproduction other than that they are oviparous.(Contributed by E. Pollak) <b>References</b> Klaver, C. & W. Böhme. 1997. Chamaeleonidae. Das Tierreich, 112: i-xiv' 1 - 85. Verlag Walter de Gruyter & Co., Berlin, New York. Martin, J., 1992. Masters of Disguise: A Natural History of Chameleons. Facts On File, Inc., New York, NY. Necas, P. 1999. Chameleons: Nature's Hidden Jewels. Krieger Publishing Company, Malabar, FL.
33	Chamaeleo	Chamaeleo	africanus	African Chameleon	<i>Chamaeleo mexicanus, Chamaeleo candidus, Chamaeleo aegiptius, Chamaeleo calcaratus, Chamaeleo basiliscus, Chamaeleon basiliscus, Chamaeleon basilicus</i>. For alternate genus names <a href="tax.asp?id=9">click here for a species list of <i>Chamaeleo</i> </a>	Laurenti	1768	Medium	Eggs	Experienced	Distribution: Sub-Saharan (including western Nigeria and Cameroon) and north Africa as well as the horn of Africa. There is also a small population in S. Greece (introduced). Population: Abundant Climate: Dry forest and savannah Overall Length: 12-16 inches Moderately aggressive toward conspecifics. Docile toward keepers. Sexual Maturity: 12-16 months Eggs/Live: Up to 70 eggs are laid in a single clutch with one clutch per year being typical. General Characteristics: Similar to <i>C. chamaeleon</i> but with a higher and more pointed casque. Occipital lobes are not developed. Relatively low ventral, dorsal and gular crests are formed by conical scales. Often confused with <i>C. calcaricarens</i>, formerly considered a subspecies of <i>C. africanus</i>. However, males of <i>C. africanus</i> possess a tarsal spur but males of <i>C. calcaricarens</i> do not. The basic color is green but may be gray or yellow. Two thin, horizontal bands of variably-colored but often yellow) markings along the flanks. Females of both subspecies lack spurs. Males have a broader tail base. (Contributed by E. Pollak) <b>References</b> Klaver, C. & W. Böhme. 1997. Chamaeleonidae. Das Tierreich, 112: i-xiv' 1 - 85. Verlag Walter de Gruyter & Co., Berlin, New York. Martin, J., 1992. Masters of Disguise: A Natural History of Chameleons. Facts On File, Inc., New York, NY. Necas, P. 1999. Chameleons: Nature's Hidden Jewels. Krieger Publishing Company, Malabar, FL.
34	Chamaeleo	Chamaeleo	calyptratus	Veiled or Yemen Chameleon	<i>Chamaeleon calyptratus</i>. For alternate genus names <a href="tax.asp?id=9">click here for a species list of <i>Chamaeleo</i> </a>	Dumeril & Bibron	1851	Large	Eggs	Novice	This is a large, aggressive species and one of the most widely recommended for the novice. Males may reach a total length of 17-24 inches (females 10-13”) with a SVL of 8-12” (females 4-6”). Males may weigh from 100-200 grams and females 90-120 (considerably more when gravid). It is generally suggested that beginners purchase a male to avoid potential problems with dystocia (egg-binding) that are often seen in females who have not been given a proper laying site and/or have been overfed. Indigenous to The southwestern coastal regions of Saudi Arabia and western Yemen, the veiled chameleon occupies the wadis and agricultutural lands of this otherwise arid region. The nominate form, C. calyptratus calyptratus is found in the more southern reaches of the distribution (Yemen and southwestern Saudi Arabia) while C. calyptratus calcarifer is found in the more northern part of the species' range (western Suadi Arabia). The hallmark of this species is its impressively high casque that may exceed 3”-4” in the nominate form, C. c. calyptratus when measured from the rear corner of the mouth. The casque of C. c. calcarifer is only a little over 2”. Adult males have a higher casque than females and tend to be significantly larger. Some authorities have suggested that the casque may serve as a device to aid the collection of water while others believe that it might serve in heat dissipation. A more recent hypothesis is that it might serve to amplify the low frequency “buzzing” used by veileds to communicate (Barnett, K. E.; Cocroft, R. B.; Fleishman, L. J. Possible Communication by Substrate Vibration in a Chameleon. Copeia; 1999(1):225-228. 1999). See http://www.geocities.com/RainForest/Vines/5014/hoot.html for more information on this phenomenon. The most unambiguous way to sex this species, however, is to look for a small "tarsal spur" on the back of the rear "ankle." (The tarsal spur is pictured in the adcham.com Illustrated Glossary.) These are apparent at birth in males and are lacking in females. There are prominent gular, ventral, and dorsal crest made of enlarged, conical scales. Broad vertical bands of various shades of green, yellow and brown adorn the sides. Females in gravid coloration exhibit a darker, brownish background, often dotted with striking purplish-blue spots. Because veiled chameleons come from Saudia Arabia and Yemen it is sometimes assumed that their hydration requirements are less demanding than those of most other chameleons. The fact is, however, that these animals are most abundant in mountainous coastal regions where rainfall can be heavy and even in the absence of rain, fog conditions create significant condensation. The animals drink the dew off of leaves and other wet surfaces. Veiled chameleons require the same regimen of misting and drip systems as do most other chameleons. Because of their large size, a screen cage of at least 24"x24"x36" is recommended but 24"x24"x48" is much preferable. Veiled chameleons are often voracious feeders and readily accept accept all of the common feeder insects. But unlike most chameleons, veileds will often include vegetation in their diets. Such foods as iceburg lettuce and other nutrient poor items should avoided but a wide variety of foods may be offered. These include blueberries, thin slices of apple or pear, diced zucchini, butternut squash, red pepper, dandelion leaves, collard greens, kale, and other vegetables that are often used to gut load prey items. A list of these items may be found in the James/Weels Lopez gut load recipe found in the "Insects" section of www.adcham.com. Some veileds will all but defoliate cage plants such as pothos while others cannot be coaxed to accept any vegetable matter in their diets. Reproduction is oviparous. Thirty - 60 eggs are laid per clutch although on rare occasions over 80 eggs are laid. Because these larger numbers of eggs are decidedly unnatural and because of the extreme stress that such a clutch puts on females, it is recommended that all females approaching breeding age (6 months) be placed on a restricted feeding schedule. This reduces the clutch size (whether or or not the females are bred) and dramatically increase the life span of the female. As indicated in the previous sentence, females can lay infertile eggs if not bred, and should, therefore, always have some place within the cage to lay them in. A plastic container such as a pet-pal (without the lid)that is big enough for her to fit into about half full of washed sandbox sand can be placed in her cage. Using a container this size gives her a place to start digging but doesn't take up a lot of space in her cage. Once she has started to dig, she can then be moved to a larger container where she can lay her eggs. A 65 litre rubbermaid-type storage container with a modified lid works well. (Lid modification = cut a hole in the lid and cover the hole with screen.) A whole bag of washed sandbox sand may be placed in the container in a pile at one end and moistened so that it will hold a tunnel (not collapse on her when she digs). A branch should be placed in the container. Put the female into the container and replace the modified lid. Add a light over the screen part of the lid to provide heat and light for her. She may dig a few test holes first. While she is in the container, the sides of the container should be misted to provide her with water and the sand should be kept moist. Care should be taken not to disturb the female while she is digging or laying. If she is in the container for a few days, she may be fed. No insects should be left in the container or they may nibble on the eggs or the female. Once she turns around with her behind in the hole to lay her eggs, the light may be left on until she finishes laying burying them. When she has finished burying the eggs, she may be removed from the container and placed back into her cage and the eggs may be dug up. A plastic spoon may be used to carefully dig up the eggs... scraping away one layer of sand at a time until the eggs are reached. The eggs should be removed carefully being careful not to turn/rotate the eggs when moving them. Eggs require 6-8 months of incubation with temperatures varying from 68F at night to a day time high of 85F. Moist vermiculite seems to be the preferred medium although sand, soil and peat moss have all been used successfully. Leave enough room in the container above the vermiculite so that the hatchlings have room to move around when they hatch until they can be removed. Chronically high temperatures and/or excessive moisture in the medium reduces the hatching rate and viability of the offspring. Females retain sperm and may require only a single mating to lay two or more consecutive fertile clutches. Although females are able to breed at about 6 months of age, until they are full grown they are still growing their own bones, so the author feels that it would not in their best interest to put demands for egg production on them as well. When the time to mate her comes, the female may be shown to the male by holding her on a stick outside the male's cage so that they can both see each other. Watch the following reactions to decide if they are ready to mate. Sometimes the male will react with agression at first until he realizes that it is a female...so by keeping the female outside of his cage but in his sight, it gives him time to calm down while she is safe. If she is not receptive she will gape at him and sway back and forth from side to side possibly hissing and lunging at him as well. Her background coloration will darken. If she is non-receptive, it could cause him to show aggression towards her. All of these possibilities are good reasons for keeping them separated until you see that she is receptive and that he has calmed down. If she is unreceptive or he doesn't calm down, the procedure may be repeated in a few days. If she is receptive, she will remain passive/calm and will likely move slowly away from him waiting for him to follow. She may "hug" the branch too. If she is receptive, and he is calm then she may be placed into his cage...but continue to watch them to make sure that things are going well. Sometimes the male will head-butt the female before mounting her. The female may be left in the cage with the male until she starts to repel/reject him. Again, they should be checked off and on to make sure that things are still going well. The female will take on a coloration that will be almost black in the background with bright mustard and torquoise markings indicating that she is gravid by the time of removal. This dark background coloration doesn't usually remain when she is out of the male's sight but will recur if she sees the male again. (Contributed by L. Horgan and E. Pollak.) <b>References</b> Annis, J. M. 1993. Chameleon profile: C. calyptratus. Chameleon Information Network # 10, 17-27. Barnett, K. E., Cocroft, R. B. and Fleishman, L. J. 1999. Possible Communication by Substrate Vibration in a Chameleon. Copeia, 225-228. Bartlett, R. D. and Bartlett, P. 1995. Chameleons: A Complete Pet Owner's Manual. Barron's Educations Series, Hauppuage, NY Davison, Linda J. 1997. Chameleons: Their Care and Breeding. Hancock House Publishers, Blaine, WA. De Vosjoli, P. and Ferguson, G. 1995. Care and Breeding of Chameleons. Advanced Vivarium Systems, Santee, CA. Klaver, C. & W. Böhme. 1997. Chamaeleonidae. Das Tierreich, 112: i-xiv' 1 - 85. Verlag Walter de Gruyter & Co., Berlin, New York. Le Berre, F. 1994. The New Chameleon Handbook. Barron's Educational Series. Martin, J., 1992. Masters of Disguise: A Natural History of Chameleons. Facts On File, Inc., New York, NY. Necas, P. 1999. Chameleons: Nature's Hidden Jewels. Krieger Publishing Company, Malabar, FL. Schmidt, W., Tamm, K. and Wallikewitz, E. 1994a. Chameleons, Volume I: Species. T.F.H. Publications, Neptune City, NJ. Schmidt, W., Tamm, K. and Wallikewitz, 1994b. Chameleons, Volume II: Care and Breeding. T.F.H. Publications, Neptune City, NJ.
35	Chamaeleo	Chamaeleo	dilepis	Flap Neck Chameleon	<i>Chamaeleon dilepis, Chamaeleo planiceps, Chameleon diepas, Chamaeleon dilepas</i>. For alternate genus names <a href="tax.asp?id=9">click here for a species list of <i>Chamaeleo</i> </a>	Leach	1819	Medium	Eggs	Expert	Perhaps the most widely distributed of all the Chamaeleonidae, <i>C. dilepis</i> is found throughout southern and central Africa Although it typically inhabits dry forest and savannahs, the breadth of its distribution means that subpopulations may occupy quite heterogeneous habitats. For this reason, it can represent a real challenge to the herpetoculturist who is endeavoring to keep the flap-necked chameleon in conditions that mimic its home region. In some of subspecies, males lack spurs while in others, spurs are present. The localities of origin for the various subspecies and (where known) the presence or absence of spurs in the males of those subspecies are as follows (courtesy of Lynn Raw): <i>C. d. dilepis</i> - Congo; spurs in males, head and flaps. Very similar to <i>petersii</i>. <i>C. d. idjwiensis</i> - Zaire (DRC), Lake Kivu, Idjwi Island, Upper Mulinga River. No spurs on males. <i>C. d. isabellinus</i> - Malawi, Shire Highlands (Mts Zomba and Mulange) <i>C. d. martensi</i> - Pemba Island, Tanzania. <i>C. d. petersii</i> - Mozambique. Spurs present. <i>C. d. roperi</i> - Kenya, Kilifi, north of Mombasa. No spurs. <i>C. d. ruspolii</i> - Somalia, Ogaden (maybe this is now in Ethiopia depending on who is ahead in the territorial disputes). <i>C. d. quilensis</i> - Angola, Cabinda, Rio Quilo, north of the Congo River mouth. Males have spurs. Total length my reach 12-15 with males being somewhat smaller than females. This species is moderately aggressive toward conspecifics but typically timid toward keepers. In general appearance, <i>C. dilepis</i> is similar to <i>C. gracilis</i>. There is a flattened head with a low casque. The casque sports occipital lobes that protrude over the neck thereby giving this animal its common name of "flap-necked chameleon." These flaps can be raised to deter a potential predator or rival. Scalation is largely homogeneous with the exception of conical scales that form low gular, ventral and dorsal crests. Basic coloration is a light green, brown and yellow with a light or dark stripe on the flank extending from the axilia (i.e., "armpits") to the rear legs. A second, smaller and less pronounced stripe may extend from the head to the shoulder. Many small, spots decorate the body. Normally dark, these spots may take on a bright yellow or orange color when sexually receptive, gravid or excited. Large brown or gray splotches may appear on the body. A series of darky rays on the eye turret emanates outwards from the eye itself. Males have larger occipital lobes, higher casques, a hemipenal bulge and spurs on the hind legs. <i>C. dilepis</i> is one of the most abundant, inexpensive and commonly imported chameleons. They are often bought by inexperienced keepers on impulse. However, WC specimens almost invariably carry heavy parasite loads. The combination of uninformed keepers, the difficulty of matching a specimen with a particular natal location/habitat, heavy parasite loads and a reticence to seek veterinary care until an animal is seriously ill result in the early deaths of the vast majority of imported animals. It is for this reason these reasons that we recommend that only keepers attempt to maintain WC specimens. CB specimens seem to be more hardy. <i>C. dilepis</i> is oviparous, laying up to 60 eggs in a clutch. Only one clutch is typically laid in a year. The young reach sexual maturity in 9-12 months. (Contributed by E. Pollak) <b>References</b> Bartlett, R. D. and Bartlett, P. 1995. Chameleons: A Complete Pet Owner's Manual. Barron's Educations Series, Hauppuage, NY Davison, Linda J. 1997. Chameleons: Their Care and Breeding. Hancock House Publishers, Blaine, WA. Klaver, C. & W. Böhme. 1997. Chamaeleonidae. Das Tierreich, 112: i-xiv' 1 - 85. Verlag Walter de Gruyter & Co., Berlin, New York. Le Berre, F. 1994. The New Chameleon Handbook. Barron's Educational Series. Martin, J., 1992. Masters of Disguise: A Natural History of Chameleons. Facts On File, Inc., New York, NY. Necas, P. 1999. Chameleons: Nature's Hidden Jewels. Krieger Publishing Company, Malabar, FL. Schmidt, W., Tamm, K. and Wallikewitz, E. 1994a. Chameleons, Volume I: Species. T.F.H. Publications, Neptune City, NJ. Schmidt, W., Tamm, K. and Wallikewitz, 1994b. Chameleons, Volume II: Care and Breeding. T.F.H. Publications, Neptune City, NJ.
36	Chamaeleo	Chamaeleo	gracilis	Graceful Chameleon	<i>Chamaeleo granulosus, Chamaeleo burchelli, Chamaeleo simoni, Chamaeleon etiennei</i>. For alternate genus names <a href="tax.asp?id=9">click here for a species list of <i>Chamaeleo</i> </a>	Hallowell	1842	Medium	Eggs	Experienced	The graceful chameleon is weidely distributed and abundant throughout sub-Saharan and equatorial Africa where it inhiabits dry and humid forests as well as savanna habitats. Aggressive toward conspecifics but timid toward keepers, <i>C. gracilis</i> may reach lengths of 12-16 inches. Similar in appearance to <i>C. dilepis, C. gracilis</i> sports a low casque and a head that is flat or even slightly concave. The casque extends past the back of the head by only a few millimeters. The occipital lobes are absent or greatly reduced. Pronounced lateral crests are apparent on the head. Scalation is homogeneous except for the enlarged, conical scales that form a small dorsal crest and slightly more pronounced gular and ventral crests. Basic coloration is a green, yellow and/or light brown. A stripe may appear on the ventral portion of the flanks and extend from the axilla (armpits) to the groin. A series of dark, vertical bands may appear on the body and tail, particularly under conditions of stress. The body may be covered with small dark spots which may be yellow to orange in receptive females. Rays or dark bands extend out from the center of the eye. The interstitial gular skin is orange or red and may be evident during threat or other displays. Males are slightly smaller than females and have a slightly higher casque. Males of the nominate form, <i>C. gracilis gracilis</i>, exhibit a hemipenal bulge (broader tail base) and tarsal spurs. However, males of <i>C. gracilis etiennei</i> lack spurs. One to 2 clutches are laid per year with 20-40 eggs in a clutch. The young achieve sexual maturity in 4-5 months. Like <i>C. dilepis, C. gracilis</i> is one of the most abundant, inexpensive and commonly imported chameleons. They are often bought by inexperienced keepers on impulse. However, WC specimens almost invariably carry heavy parasite loads. The combination of uninformed keepers, heavy parasite loads and a reticence to seek veterinary care until an animal is seriously ill result in the early deaths of the vast majority of imported animals. It is for this reason these reasons that we recommend that only experienced keepers attempt to maintain this species. (Contributed by E. Pollak) <b>References</b> Bartlett, R. D. and Bartlett, P. 1995. Chameleons: A Complete Pet Owner's Manual. Barron's Educations Series, Hauppuage, NY Davison, Linda J. 1997. Chameleons: Their Care and Breeding. Hancock House Publishers, Blaine, WA. Klaver, C. & W. Böhme. 1997. Chamaeleonidae. Das Tierreich, 112: i-xiv' 1 - 85. Verlag Walter de Gruyter & Co., Berlin, New York. Le Berre, F. 1994. The New Chameleon Handbook. Barron's Educational Series. Martin, J., 1992. Masters of Disguise: A Natural History of Chameleons. Facts On File, Inc., New York, NY. Necas, P. 1999. Chameleons: Nature's Hidden Jewels. Krieger Publishing Company, Malabar, FL. Schmidt, W., Tamm, K. and Wallikewitz, E. 1994a. Chameleons, Volume I: Species. T.F.H. Publications, Neptune City, NJ. Schmidt, W., Tamm, K. and Wallikewitz, 1994b. Chameleons, Volume II: Care and Breeding. T.F.H. Publications, Neptune City, NJ.
37	Chamaeleo	Chamaeleo	laevigatus	None	<i>Chamaeleon sphaeropholis, Chamaeleon senegalensis laevigatus, Chamaeleon lavigatus, Chamaeleo laeviceps, Chamaeleon senegalensis tibatiensis, Chamaeleo senegalensis laevigatus</i>. For alternate genus names <a href="tax.asp?id=9">click here for a species list of <i>Chamaeleo</i> </a>	Gray	1863	Medium	Eggs	Experienced	<b>Distribution.</b> <i>C. laevigatus</i> inhabits the Ssavannas in east Africa from the Sudan to Rwanda. Population status is unknown. <b>Description</b> This chameleon looks very similar to <i>C. senegalensis</i> of which it was considered a subspecies (Perrett, 1957). But in 1986 it was given species status by Klaver and Boehme. The coloration varies from light green to blue, with a white stripe running from the mouth to the tailbase. It reaches a total lenght of 8 inches (20 cm). Males of <i>C. laevigatus</i> lack tarsal spurs. <b>Captive Care</b>. Captive husbandry should be similar to that for <i>C. senegalensis</i>, as they come from similar habitats. The enclosure for one animal should be 8Lx20Wx24H inches (40x50x60 cm). The female and male should be kept apart except for mating. Daytime temperatures should be around 86 F (30 C) a 10 F drop at night <b>Feeding</b>. Typical chameleon prey items of the appropriate size are accepted. <b>Breeding</b>. The male's courtship is like all other chameleons. After a 50 day gestation the female deposits about 50 eggs. The eggs should be incubated at 82-86 F (28-30 C) with a temperature drop at night of approximately 8 F. Hatching occurs after 4-5 months. (Contributed by Bo Ikkala) <b>References</b> Klaver, C. & W. Böhme. 1997. Chamaeleonidae. Das Tierreich, 112: i-xiv' 1 - 85. Verlag Walter de Gruyter & Co., Berlin, New York. Martin, J., 1992. Masters of Disguise: A Natural History of Chameleons. Facts On File, Inc., New York, NY. Necas, P. 1999. Chameleons: Nature's Hidden Jewels. Krieger Publishing Company, Malabar, FL. Schmidt, W., Tamm, K. & Wallikewitz, E. 1996. Chamäleons -Drachen unserer Zeit. Herpetologischer Fachverlag, Muenster.
38	Chamaeleo	Chamaeleo	senegalensis	Senegal Chameleon	<i>Chamaeleon subcroceus, Chamaeleo gymnocephalus, Chamaeleon galeoratus, Chamaeleon leptopus, Chamaeleon liocephalus, Chamaeleon senegalensis</i>. For alternate genus names <a href="tax.asp?id=9">click here for a species list of <i>Chamaeleo</i> </a>	Daudin	1802	medium	Eggs	Experienced	Abundantly distributed throughout equatorial Africa, <i>C. senegalensis</i> inhabits dry savannahs and gallery forests. Along with <i>C. gracilis</i> and <i>dilepis, senegalensis</i> is among the most frequently imported of African chameleons. Females grow to a total length of 12 inches. Males are slightly smaller. Although highly aggressive toward conspecifics, they are shy toward keepers. Concave casque with a crown-shaped orbital crest. Homogeneous scalation except for small conical scales forming a low dorsal crest. A small gular and ventral crest is composed of white or cream-colored scales. Females are typically a uniform green or brownish green but may exhibit a striking pattern of yellow or orange dots on a black or dark brown background when gravid. Males tend to have more gray and brown, often arranged in 4 roughly triangular blotches, widest toward the dorsum and more pointed toward the ventrum. The interstitial skin of the gular region is often orange. Aside from the subtle color differences mentioned above, males exhibit a broader tail base. Females lay 2 clutches per year with up to 70 eggs in a single clutch. Sexual maturity is reached in 5-6 months. Although <i>C. senegalensis</i> is among the most frequently imported and least expensive chameleons, they have been extremely difficult to keep in captivity and captive breeding programs have been spectacularly unsuccessful. A primary reason for these difficulties seems to be the heavy parasite loads typically found in wild caught animals. A series of fecal checks is, therefore exceedingly important. It is for these reasons that we suggest that these animals are unsuitable for all but the most experienced keepers. (Contributed by E. Pollak) <b>References</b> Bartlett, R. D. and Bartlett, P. 1995. Chameleons: A Complete Pet Owner's Manual. Barron's Educations Series, Hauppuage, NY Davison, Linda J. 1997. Chameleons: Their Care and Breeding. Hancock House Publishers, Blaine, WA.Vivarium Systems, Santee, CA. Klaver, C. & W. Böhme. 1997. Chamaeleonidae. Das Tierreich, 112: i-xiv' 1 - 85. Verlag Walter de Gruyter & Co., Berlin, New York. Le Berre, F. 1994. The New Chameleon Handbook. Barron's Educational Series. Martin, J., 1992. Masters of Disguise: A Natural History of Chameleons. Facts On File, Inc., New York, NY. Necas, P. 1999. Chameleons: Nature's Hidden Jewels. Krieger Publishing Company, Malabar, FL. Schmidt, W., Tamm, K. and Wallikewitz, E. 1994a. Chameleons, Volume I: Species. T.F.H. Publications, Neptune City, NJ. Schmidt, W., Tamm, K. and Wallikewitz, 1994b. Chameleons, Volume II: Care and Breeding. T.F.H. Publications, Neptune City, NJ.
39	Rhampholeon		brevicaudatus	Bearded Pygmy Chameleon	<i>Rhampholeon boettgeri, Brookesia brevicaudata, Chamaeleon brevicaudatus</i>. For alternate genus names <a href="tax.asp?id=6">click here for a species list of <i>Rhampholeon</i> </a>	Matschie	1892	Small	Eggs	Expert	<i>R. brevicaudatus</i> is a member of the pygmy leaf chameleons indigenous to coastal Tanzania where it inhabits grass and leaf litter of of the rainforest floor. Total length is to 4 inches. Housing. Because <i>R. brevicaudatus</i> needs constant high humidity, an aquarium is the best choice for housing. A 20-gallon long aquarium is good for a pair or trio but males should not be housed together as inter-male aggression is well developed. Aggression between siblings and juveniles is quite possible as well so a close eye must be kept on them to watch for signs stress or overt aggression. A 3 to five inch soil layer is required, along with a variety of plants and ground cover such as dead leaves, mosses and cork bark to hold humidity up and provide hiding places. . Lighting Only a single cool, white fluorescent bulb is required over the length of the tank. Basking and UVB bulbs seem not to be necessary. Hydration Misting heavily twice a day with a fine mist works well in supplying water needs. A dripper tends to over-soak the soil and should not be used. The mist should drip from the plant leaves but the surface of the soil should be allowed to dry out between mistings. Temperatures The writer has successfully maintained <i>R. brevicaudatus </i> at temperatures from 62F to 87F. This may be higher than most recommend but 1 month with high temperatures of 77F-85F did no harm. With higher temperatures, however, higher humidity is crucial. Breeding Breeding occurs throughout the year. <i>R. brevicaudatus</i> reproduction does not shut down for winter although there may be a slight slow down. Two to four clutches are possible in a year, with eggs 1 to 4 eggs in a clutch. Eggs have been successfully incubated by leaving them <i>in situ</i> and also by removing them from the tanks and incubating them at room temperatures that varied between 67F and 87F. Both methods yielded 100% hatching rates. Incubation times were from 60-75 days. Care of the Young The hatchlings grow rapidly and readily eat pinhead crickets and both large and small fruit flies. I feel a mix of all 3 is best in providing a mixed diet. Young become sexually active as early as 3 months laying first clutch at about four months old. Fertility on these early eggs is not yet known. Young can be raised in-groups but should be separated at about 2 months old to stop aggression and unwanted breeding. Contributed by Craig Goldie and E. Pollak) <b>References</b> Klaver, C. & W. Böhme. 1997. Chamaeleonidae. Das Tierreich, 112: i-xiv' 1 - 85. Verlag Walter de Gruyter & Co., Berlin, New York. Martin, J., 1992. Masters of Disguise: A Natural History of Chameleons. Facts On File, Inc., New York, NY. Necas, P. 1999. Chameleons: Nature's Hidden Jewels. Krieger Publishing Company, Malabar, FL.
40	Rhampholeon		spectrum	Spectral Pygmy Chameleon	<i>Chamaeleo spectrum, Brookesia spectrum, Rhampholeon affinis</i>. For alternate genus names <a href="tax.asp?id=6">click here for a species list of <i>Rhampholeon</i> </a>	Buchholz	1874	Small	Eggs	Expert	Abundant throughout equatorial Africa from Fernando Poo Island to Western Kenya and Tanzania, <i>R. spectrum</i> inhabits the leaf litter of rain forest and dry forest floor. Two subspecies have been recognized: <i>R. spectrum spectrum</i> and <i>R. spectrum boulengeri</i>. Total length is to 4 inches. Levels of intraspecific aggression are low. General Characteristics: <i>R. spectrum</i> is a leaf-shaped "false chameleon" with a laterally compressed body, low casque and small horns over the eyes. The casque sports lateral crests composed of small tubercles. A small rostral protuberance is also present. Scalation is heterogeneous with enlarged scales giving the body a "granular or thorny appearance" (Necas, 1999). Color varies from greenish-brown to light gray. A reddish-orange hue may also be present. Two parallel dark lines extend from the anterior and dorsal part of the flanks to the posterior and ventral part of the flanks. Irregular light and dark blotches give a lichen-like appearance. The belly may be lighter in color than the flanks. The short, stump-like tail is non-prehensile. Males may be identified by the markedly broadened tail base. Despite the reported low levels of intra specific aggression it is recommended that specimens be housed separately. Little is known concerning the reproduction of this species aside from the fact that a clutch typically consiists of 2-5 eggs. (Contributed by E. Pollak) <b>References</b> Klaver, C. & W. Böhme. 1997. Chamaeleonidae. Das Tierreich, 112: i-xiv' 1 - 85. Verlag Walter de Gruyter & Co., Berlin, New York. Le Berre, F. 1994. The New Chameleon Handbook. Barron's Educational Series. Martin, J., 1992. Masters of Disguise: A Natural History of Chameleons. Facts On File, Inc., New York, NY. Necas, P. 1999. Chameleons: Nature's Hidden Jewels. Krieger Publishing Company, Malabar, FL.
48	Bradypodion		xenorhinum	Strange-nosed Chameleon	<i>Chamaeleon xenorhinus, Chamaeleo xenorhinus.</i> For alternate genus names <a href="tax.asp?id=3">click here for a species list of <i>Bradypodion</i> </a>	Boulenger	1901	Medium	Eggs	Expert	<i>B. xenorhinum</i> is found in the montane rainforests of the Ruwenzori Mountains of western Uganda and eastern Democratic Republic of Congo (Zaire). This exotic-looking species (even by chameleon standards) attains a total length of up to 11 inches. For additional size information on wild caught <i>B. xenorhinum</i> see <a href="XENOTA~1.RTF" target="new"><i>xenorhinum table</i></a> It has rarely been bred in captivity but is known to be oviparous. Males have a dramatic rostral protuberance for which this species is named. The rostral process is composed of two spatula-shaped, laterally compressed processes which bifurcate as they proceed caudally. In females, this structure is much reduced. <i>B. xenorhinum</i> also sports an exceptionally high casque with greatly enlarged parietal lobes but lacking occipital lobes. Scalation is heterogeneous. The head and casque are covered with enlarged, plate-like scales. Body coloration is olive green to brown. <i>B. xenorhinum</i> is said to have among the sharpest 'teeth' and longest claws of any of the Chamaeleonidae (Euan John Edwards, personal communication, 2001). Males have a greatly enlarged rostral process and exhibit more olive in their basic coloration. Females are said to exhibit more brown. (Contributed by E. Pollak) <b>References</b> Klaver, C. & W. Böhme. 1997. Chamaeleonidae. Das Tierreich, 112: i-xiv' 1 - 85. Verlag Walter de Gruyter & Co., Berlin, New York. Martin, J., 1992. Masters of Disguise: A Natural History of Chameleons. Facts On File, Inc., New York, NY. Necas, P. 1999. Chameleons: Nature's Hidden Jewels. Krieger Publishing Company, Malabar, FL.
49	Brookesia		perarmata	Armored Leaf Chameleon	<i>Leandria perarmata</i>. For alternate genus names <a href="tax.asp?id=5">click here for a species list of <i>Brookesia</i> </a>	Angel	1933	Medium	Eggs	Expert	Revised 3/10/01 <i>B. perarmata</i> is a small, oviparous chameleon inhabiting the bushes and forest floor of western Madagascar’s Antsingy region of Menabe Province. Bartlett and Bartlett (1995) and Pronk (personal communication) report their TL at no larger than 4.5 inches but exceptional specimens of 7 inches have been reported (P. Necas, personal communication). Successful captive breeding has been exceedingly sporadic and to the editors' knowledge, they have never been bred past the F2 generation. Incubation time is as short as 2 months (F. LeBerre, personal communication). WC individuals reportedly have heavy infestations of round worms. For these reasons, <i>B. perarmata</i> is recommended only for the expert chameleon keeper. The body color of <i>B. perarmata</i> is brown with the head being brown to tan. They are easily distinguished by the bilateral rows of thorny spines running along the dorsal surface. Similar thorny spines adorn the various cranial crests and give a serrated appearance. The overall impression is of a tiny, armored dragon. These chameleons seem to be especially fond of any white colored food. Dusted crickets are more readily accepted than undusted ones. Waxworms & white mini-mealworms are among their favorite prey items. A key aspect to keeping them in captivity may have to do with proper humidity/hydration levels. Simply put, they need it humid but not damp and should have access to a wet area but be kept dry. What this means is that the relative humidity needs to be high. However, in trying to accomplish this, spraying down the cage so that the substrate becomes saturated/wet can quickly cause their health to deteriorate. The same applies for their drinking water. Watering in the typical rain-like manner causes the cage to become too wet. It is prefereable to give them a shallow water dish in their cage which is cleaned daily. The perarmata will come over and actually soak in the shallow water. It must not be too deep so as to avoid drowning. While in the water dish, it is then an excellent time to spray them down -- allowing the cage itself to remain dry, but supplying the necessary water. Another technique is to removed them from the cage and place them in a small screened cage to spray them down ... which seems to work well for those B. perarmata that are freshly imported and may need the extra hydration. A variation of this could be to set up a small waterfall/fountain in the terrarium. (Contributed by M. Yankee and E. Pollak) <b>References</b> Klaver, C. & W. Böhme. 1997. Chamaeleonidae. Das Tierreich, 112: i-xiv' 1 - 85. Verlag Walter de Gruyter & Co., Berlin, New York. Martin, J., 1992. Masters of Disguise: A Natural History of Chameleons. Facts On File, Inc., New York, NY. Necas, P. 1999. Chameleons: Nature's Hidden Jewels. Krieger Publishing Company, Malabar, FL.
50	Chamaeleo	Trioceros	johnstoni	Johnston's or Ruwenzori Three-Horned Chameleon	<i>Chamaeleon johnstoni, Chamaeleon gaueri, Chamaeleon johnstoni graueri, Chamaeleon laevivulgaris, Chamaeleo johnstoni crenulatus</i>. For alternate genus names <a href="tax.asp?id=9">click here for a species list of <i>Chamaeleo</i> </a>	Boulenger	1901	Medium	Eggs	Experienced	Johnston’s chameleon is found in abundance across equatorial central Africa (Congo, Burundi, Rwanda, Ruwenzori and Virunga Ranges of Western Uganda, and Eastern Republic of Congo (Zaire). They are indigenous to the high, moist savannahs and montane forests where temperatures range from 55-85F (13-29C). Average day time temperatures are between 72-83F with night time drops to 50-60F. Day time humidity ranges from 60% in the dry season to 80% in the rainy season. Night time humidity is considerably higher. <i>C. johnstoni</i> primarily inhabit trees at heights of 12-18 feet (3-4 meters) <i>C. johnstoni</i> is similar in appearance to C. jacksonii but with a deeper body. Males of the nominate form (<i>C. johnstoni johnstoni</i>) have annulated horns; two preocular and one rostral. Females lack horns. (Note: in the subspecies <i>C. johnstoni ituriensis</i> both sexes lack horns). The horns may be up to 3 cm in length. There is a flattened casque which lacks occipital lobes and extends only slightly past the back of the skull. Large, lenticular scales adorn the body, throat and limbs. Gular and dorsal crests are absent. Basic coloration is of a light green with 3-5 vertical bands of turquoise and/or yellow. When stressed, the animal turns to a darker brown pattern with lighter colored bands. Females often have yellow markings on the head. They typically reach 12 inches in total length (weight: 90-110 grams) with exceptional specimens reaching 15". Females average 10" and weigh 50-80 grams) Gravid specimens may weigh 70-90 grams. In addition to lacking horns, females often exhibit yellow on the head. Females also have more homogeneous scalation, are slightly smaller and lack the hemipenal bulge. Temperament toward conspecifics is not overly aggressive compared to most chameleons. They are quite shy, particularly the Burundi variant. The Rwenzori variant is somewhat less so. There has been some success maintaining C. johnstoni in groups of 1 male: 2-3 females in a large 3'x3'x6' densely planted enclosure. For more standard sized cages, individual housing is strongly recommended. Gravid females must always be kept individually. Males must never be housed in anything other than complete physical and visual isolation from each other. Lots of simulated rainfall with high humidity is critical, as is a sharp night time temperature drop of 15-20F. All of the standard chameleon prey items are accepted. <i>C. johnstoni</i> also evidences a particular fondness for terrestrial snails. Eight-18 eggs (average 14) are typically laid in a single clutch. This number increases with age. Only one clutch is usually laid per year but 2 clutches in a year have been observed. Hatching rates of 80-100% have been reported. Sexual Maturity occurs at 10-12 months. Incubation is in Vermiculite or Perlite at either 20-21C permanent (68/69°F) or preferably at 21 ° (69°F) day/18°C (64°F) night. The oft-recommended incubation temp. of a consistent 22.5°C (72°F) is too high and produces weak hatchlings!! Hatching time is approximately 120 days. When eggs start to turn dark transfer to 'hatching-tank' with moss etc on the ground and a few thin branches inside. Cover eggs carefully with a layer of leaves, grass, etc., thus forcing hatchlings to dig themselves out and providing them with opportunity to climb up right away. This technique prevents accidents with Vermiculite and better mimics the natural state. Never squeeze hatchlings out of eggs!! The hatching process may take up to two days. (Contributed by Wulf Schott) <b>References</b> Bartlett, R. D. and Bartlett, P. 1995. Chameleons: A Complete Pet Owner's Manual. Barron's Educations Series, Hauppuage, NY Klaver, C. & W. Böhme. 1997. Chamaeleonidae. Das Tierreich, 112: i-xiv' 1 - 85. Verlag Walter de Gruyter & Co., Berlin, New York. Le Berre, F. 1994. The New Chameleon Handbook. Barron's Educational Series. Martin, J., 1992. Masters of Disguise: A Natural History of Chameleons. Facts On File, Inc., New York, NY. Necas, P. 1999. Chameleons: Nature's Hidden Jewels. Krieger Publishing Company, Malabar, FL. Schmidt, W., Tamm, K. and Wallikewitz, E. 1994a. Chameleons, Volume I: Species. T.F.H. Publications, Neptune City, NJ. Schmidt, W., Tamm, K. & Wallikewitz, E. 1996. Chamäleons -Drachen unserer Zeit. Herpetologischer Fachverlag, Muenster.
51	Furcifer		rhinoceratus	Rhinoceros Chameleon	<i>Chamlo rhinoceratus, Chamaeleon voltzkowi, Chamaeleo rhinoceratus, Chamaeleon rhinoceratus</i>. For alternate genus names <a href="tax.asp?id=8">click here for a species list of <i>Furcifer</i> </a>	Gray	1845	Medium	Eggs	Expert	<i>F. rhinoceratus</i> is endemic to Madagascar. Its distribution is restricted to the dry, Western Domain. Found within Réserve Naturelle Intégrale Ankarafantsika (R.N.I. 7) around Ambovory, Ampijoroa, Antema, Lakato, Mahajanga, Soalala, St.Marie de Morovoay, <i>rhinoceratus</i> is locally common and often seen along roads and paths. It is also present, but more difficult to spot, within the forest. Males reach a maximum total length of 11 inches (27 cm), females 5 inches (12 cm). There is more or less homogenous scalation, often with a longitudinal row of slightly enlarged scales at the flanks. Males have a prominent, vertically compressed nasal projection that is present but less developed in females. The "nose" for which this species is named (<i>rhinoceratus</i> mean "horn-nosed") is thin and fragile. Both sexes possess a low casque. Males have no gular crest or very few small, pointed tubercles. Females have no gular crest. Males are greyish or brownish with dark brown or black between scales. The labials (lips) are white and there is a white, longitudinal line at the flanks. The "nose" often has a bluish hue. Female coloration is similar to tht of the male except that gravid females exhibit an overall neon-purple coloration and black transverse bands that continue on the orange or red tail. In both sexes a dorsal crest is present on the anterior half of the body. Very few if any published records exist of successful caprive breeding of <i>Furcifer rhinoceratus</i>. This is partially due to the relative rarity of the species in the wild but also because legal exports of the species were banned in 1995. Hardly any Furcifer rhinoceratus were exported prior to the ban and breeding successes with chameleons were much more uncommon before 1995 than they are nowadays. At Centre Soafiavy, clutches of 4-11 eggs were laid in November 2000. Incubated in slightly moist vermiculite, allowed to dry out during incubation, eggs started hatching after 291 days at 83.3F (28.5C). The newly hatched chameleons weighed 0.38-0.44 grams. <i>F. rhinoceratus</i> may be confused with <i>F. antimena</i> and <i>F. labordi</i>, two closely related species. Male <i>rhinoceratus</i> differ from male <i>antimena</i> and <i>labordi</i> by the incomplete dorsal crest and the lower casque. Female <i>rhinoceratus</i> may be differentiated from female <i>antimena</i> and <i>labordi</i> by the absence of a white ventromedial line. (Contributed by Olaf Pronk, Centre Soafiavy, Madagascar) <b>References</b> Klaver, C. & W. Böhme. 1997. Chamaeleonidae. Das Tierreich, 112: i-xiv' 1 - 85. Verlag Walter de Gruyter & Co., Berlin, New York. Martin, J., 1992. Masters of Disguise: A Natural History of Chameleons. Facts On File, Inc., New York, NY. Necas, P. 1999. Chameleons: Nature's Hidden Jewels. Krieger Publishing Company, Malabar, FL.
52	Furcifer		angeli	Angel's Chameleon	<i>Chamaeleo angeli</i>. For alternate genus names <a href="tax.asp?id=8">click here for a species list of <i>Furcifer</i> </a>	Brygoo & Domergue	1968	Medium	Eggs	Expert	The distribution of <i>F. angeli</i> (BRYGOO & DOMERQUE, 1968; named after F. Angel)is limited to the dry, Western Domain of Madagascar. It is found within the Réserve Naturelle Intégrale Ankarafantsika (R.N.I. 7), both within and outside the protected area, Bekomanga forest. It seems to be more restricted to undisturbed habitat than <i>F. rhinoceratus</i> with which it occurs sympatrically at the Ankarafantsika Reserve. Only a very few specimens of this rare species are known to science. The current best information suggests that males reach a maximum total length of just over 12 inches (33 cm) females 8 inches (21 cm). However, because so few specimens are known, it is not unrealistic to suspect that larger specimens may ultimately be found. Thus, Necas (1999) suggests a maximum total length of 16 inches (40cm). Scalation is heterogenous, often with a longitudinal row of enlarged scales at the flanks. Males exhibit a prominent, rigid, boney nasal projection, almost as wide as high and in many aspects similar to the nasal projections seen in male <i>Calumma brevicornis</i> but larger. The nasal projection in females is very small and barely visible. Both sexes possess low casques and gular crests of small, pointed tubercles. Enlarged scales may be present on the cheeks and casque. Males are dark brown, reddish brown or rich orange-pink (when displaying) with irregular darker brown or black saddle-shaped transverse bands. A very prominent white, longitudinal line at the flanks ends at the insertions of the front legs. The lips (maxillary and mandibular labia) are white. The females are rust brown with head, limbs and tail a paler brown. Markings of darker shades of brown appear on the cheeks, body and tail. Elongated, longitudinal spots of a light brown color form an interrupted line at mid-flanks. Displaying females have numerous neon-purple scales all over the body and cheecks. It is unknown if these neon-purple scales are a sign of gravidity, In both sexes, the dorsal crest is composed of numerous small tubercles, the largest at the first half of the body. A ventral crest of small pointed tubercles is present in both sexes. As far as we know, there are no published records of captive breeding of this species. Probably very few have ever been kept in captivity. They have been banned from export since 1995. Similar species: Males are very distinct from other Malagasy chameleons. Females look superficially similar to female F. pardalis but confusion in the field is impossible because the two species nowhere occur sympatrically. (Contributed by Olaf Pronk, Centre Soafiavy, Madagascar) <b>References</b> Klaver, C. & W. Böhme. 1997. Chamaeleonidae. Das Tierreich, 112: i-xiv' 1 - 85. Verlag Walter de Gruyter & Co., Berlin, New York. Martin, J., 1992. Masters of Disguise: A Natural History of Chameleons. Facts On File, Inc., New York, NY. Necas, P. 1999. Chameleons: Nature's Hidden Jewels. Krieger Publishing Company, Malabar, FL.
53	Bradypodion		setaroi	Setaro's Dwarf Chameleon	<i>Chamaeleo pumilus setaroi.</i> For alternate genus names <a href="tax.asp?id=3">click here for a species list of <i>Bradypodion</i> </a>	Raw	1976	Small	Live	Expert	<i><b>Bradypodion setaroi</b></i> Raw 1976 <b>Holotype:</b> LR 686, an adult male in the L R G Raw Collection. Collected in undergrowth in disturbed coastal dune forest by L R G Raw and G Setaro on 1 June 1974. <b>Type locality: </b> St Lucia Estuary, Zululand, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa (2832AD). <b>Diagnosis: </b> A small species in which the dorsal crest does not reach the tail. There are blue lateral grooves on the flanks and the gular grooves are blue-white. <b>Description: </b> Snout sharp, distance from tip to anterior border of eye greater than diameter of eye. Casque raised and produced posteriorly; median parietal crest straight; temporal crests distinctly developed. Subocular tubercle slightly raised and not bordering mouth. Colour of gular grooves is blue-white. Gular crest lobes have median lobes largest. Gular lobes mostly triangular, with denticulate edges. Flanks have blue longitudinal grooves. Posterior dorsolateral scales form a distinct barred pattern. Mid-flank tubercles distinctly enlarged to form a single row. Dorsal crest does not reach tail; tubercles strongly differentiated to form a very distinct pattern. Tail is usually less than head-and-body length in males and females, slender and without a distinct tip region. There are 13-25 gular lobes and 10-20 dorsal crest tubercles. <b>Size:</b> Largest male has head and body length 67mm and tail length 63mm; largest female has head and body length 72mm and tail length 55mm. <b>Color:</b> The overall colour is light greyish brown with an irregular light orange lateral streak with three darker orange blotches, the surfaces immediately above and below vermiculated with grey-green. There is grey-green barring on the tail and speckling on the head and limbs. Some enlarged scales on lower sides pale orange. Colours brighter when basking. Interstitial skin of gular region is bluish-white and lateral grooves are blue. <b>Reproduction: </b> Ovoviviparous, litters recorded in November (Haagner & Els, 1986), December (Haagner, 1989) and April (Bruton & Haacke, 1980). Litter sizes of 8 - 9 recorded with a neonate total length range of from 37.0 mm to 41.5 mm and a mean length of 39,74 mm (Haagner, 1989). <b>Field notes:</b> Found in undergrowth in disturbed dune forest at St Lucia. Observed high in tall tree at Monzi (G Setaro, pers. comm.). Found in roadside vegetation adjacent to swamp forest and reed-beds, as well as in a reed-bed at Richards Bay. Found on tall grass stems along a small stream at Arboretum, Richards Bay (Haagner, 1989). Haagner records that they could not be found in coastal thicket on the seaward side of the dunes nor were they found on evergreen shrubs adjacent to the Arboretum collection site. <b>Distribution: </b> Occurs from the vicinity of Richards Bay in the south to at least 10 kilometres north of Lake Sibayi in the north. Possibly extends northwards into southern Mozambique. <b>Recorded localities:</b> Cape Vidal; Dukuduku Forest, 3 km west of St Lucia bridge; Futululu Research Station; 10Km North Lake Sibayi; Lake St Lucia; Mapelane; Mtubatuba; Richards Bay; Richards Bay, Arboretum; 4.3Km South Sibayi Research Stn; Sodwana Bay Nature Reserve; St Lucia Estuary. <b>Sight Records:</b> Haagner (1989) records the following sightings - Perrier's Rocks, Tewate, Mission Rocks, 21 km north of Richards Bay, Monzi, Lake Bangasi North and Cape St Lucia. <b>Etymology: </b> The specific name honours Mr Gordon Setaro, an enthusiastic field collector of southern African herpetofauna. <b>Husbandry:</b> This species is not available in the trade but has been successfully kept and bred in semi-natural conditions in South Africa. It appears to be a delicate species unlikely to survive commercial shipping. (Contributed by L. Raw.) <b>References</b> Bruton, M. N. & Haacke, W.D. 1980. The reptiles of Maputaland. <i>Studies on the ecology of Maputaland</i>, Rhodes University, 251-287. Haagner, G.V. 1989. Additional distribution records of the dwarf chameleon <i>Bradypodion setaroi</i> in Zululand (Sauria: Chamaeleontidae), and some ecological notes. <i>Lammergeyer</i> 40, 42-46. Haagner, G. V. & Els, R.A. 1986. The reptiles of Mapelane. <i>Lammergeyer</i> 37, 14-21. Klaver, C. & W. Böhme. 1997. Chamaeleonidae. Das Tierreich, 112: i-xiv' 1 - 85. Verlag Walter de Gruyter & Co., Berlin, New York. Martin, J., 1992. Masters of Disguise: A Natural History of Chameleons. Facts On File, Inc., New York, NY. Necas, P. 1999. Chameleons: Nature's Hidden Jewels. Krieger Publishing Company, Malabar, FL. Raw, L. R. G., 1976. "A survey of the dwarf chameleons of Natal, South Africa, with descriptions of three new species (Sauria: Chamaeleonidae), <i>Durban Museum Novitates</i> 11 (7): 139-161.
54	Calumma		brevicornis	Short-horned or Elephant-eared Chameleon	<i>Chameleo brevicornis</i>. For alternate genus names <a href="tax.asp?id=7">click here for a species list of <i>Calumma</i> </a>	Gunther	1879	Medium	Eggs	Expert	<i>C. brevicornis</i> is found in shrubs and trees of forest edges on Nosy Boraha (St. Marie) and Nnorther and eastern Madagascar. There is a subspecies of <i>brevicornis (C. b. tsarafidyi)</i> which is found only in the Tsarafidyi Forest. <i>C. brevicornis</i> is one of the species banned from export by CITES in 1995. The most prominent feature of this chameleon is its large occipital lobes and the male's rostral adornment. The males reach a total length of about 13 inches (35 cm). The females are slightly smaller. The color consists of brown and grey tones and the males have a slightly ligher colored head. The rostrum can take on an orange to red coloration. There are also specimens that display more green coloration with blue legs and chin. There are some differences between the various subspecies and the nominate subspecies. The animals in Perinet differ in terms of the scalation of the dorsal crest. The females of Montagne de Ambre do not have a pronounced dorsal crest while the males do have such a crest. The animals from Ranomafana have blue legs and the rostral process is more strongly curved upward. Additionally there is a population, which becomes clearly larger from the nominate subspecies (Andreas Böhle, personal communication). The temperature where this species lives varies throughout the year with daytime temperatures between 18 and 30 degrees celsius, and nighttime temps as low as 8-15 degrees celsius or even lower. The annual rainfall is about 1000mm, which gives a humidity around 50-60 % at daytime and around 80-90% at night For successful captive care the enclosure must be well planted and contain many climbing branches. The daytime temperature should be kept around 27 degrees celsius in the summer and around room-temperature in the winter. At night it is important that there is a significant temperature drop. This is a very sedentary chameleon but none-the-less they require a large enclosure. C. brevicornis is very agressive towards other specimens and, therefore, the sexes must be kept separately. The threat ritual is much like an elephants -it spreads out its "ears" (occipital lobes) and attacks with open mouth. <i>C. brevicornis</i> is not a picky eater. All feeder insects are accepted as well as the occasional pinkie. Breeding: Even though oviposition has been observed quite often, little is known about the incubation of the 10-30 eggs that are deposited approximately 40 days after mating but they reportedly do better at room temperature (Andreas Böhle, personal communication). Contributed by Bo Ikkala. <b>References</b> Klaver, C. and Boehme, W. 1997. "Lister der rezenten Amphibien und Reptilien: Chamaeleonidae." Das Tierreich, Berlin. Martin, J. 1999. "Masters of Disguise." Facts on File, New York.
55	Calumma		gastrotaenia	None	<i>Chamaeleo gastrotaenia</i>. For alternate genus names <a href="tax.asp?id=7">click here for a species list of <i>Calumma</i> </a>	Boulenger	1888	Small	Eggs	Expert	<i>C. gastrotaenia</i> can be found in forests above altitudes of 600 meters all over central and eastern Madagascar. Because of its wide distribution there are several geopgraphical subspecies. <i>C. gastrotaenia andringitraensis</i> is found in the Andringitra Massif, </i>C. gastrotaenia guillaumeti</i> in the Marojezy massif and Tsaratanana and <i>C. gastrotaenia marojezens</i> is found in the Marojezy massif. <i>C. gastrotaenia</i> has been banned from export by CITES since 1995. Description: This is a quite small species, only reaching around 6 inches (15-20 cm)in total length. The body is uniformly brown, yellow, or green with a lighter stripe reaching from the eye to the tailbase. They may also display some light spots. The abdomen shows a vivid white color. The body is elongated with the tail comprising more than half of the body length. <i>C. gastrotaeniata</i> shows no prominent features other than a very slightly offset casque. The animals are most often found sleeping within 1-2.5 meters above ground level. Climate: The temperatures in areas where <i>gastrotaenia</i> are found are often above 86 F (30 C) but because the animals are living inside the forests the temperatures seldom rise above 75 F (24 C). Because of this regulation by the forest the nightdrop is not that prominent. In winter the temperatures outside the forests drop below 32 F (0 C) it is slightly warmer in the forests. Annual rainfall is about 3000 mm, creating a humidity of 90%. Captive Care should be based on the fact that <i>gastrotaenia</i> is a pure rainforest dweller. The daytime temperature should be around 75-77 F (23-25 C) with a nighttime temperature drop to around 64 F (18 C). Humidity should be kept around 60-80% with an increase at night. As gastrotaenia are not overly aggressive towards each other it is possible to keep a pair in a larger enclosure (of at least 24Lx16Wx24H (60x40x60 cm) but period observations must be conducted to ensure that no animal is being stressed. check that no animal is suppressed. Food: Insects of a size that fits the size of the animals. Rating: Expert Breeding: It seems that a brumation during winter at temperatures below 68 F (20 C) is necessary to promote mating. The eggs should probably be incubated at room temperatures. Contributed by Bo Ikkala. <b>References</b> Klaver, C. & W. Böhme. 1997. Chamaeleonidae. Das Tierreich, 112: i-xiv' 1 - 85. Verlag Walter de Gruyter & Co., Berlin, New York. Necas, P. 1999. Chameleons: Nature's Hidden Jewels. Krieger Publishing Company, Malabar, FL. Schmidt, W., Tamm, K. & Wallikewitz, E. 1996. Chamäleons -Drachen unserer Zeit. Herpetologischer Fachverlag, Muenster.
56	Calumma		nasuta	Nosy Chameleon	<i>Chameleon nasutus, Chamaeleo radamanus<i/>.?? For alternate genus names <a href="tax.asp?id=7">click here for a species list of <i>Calumma</i> </a>	Dumeril & Bibron	1836	Small	Eggs	Expert	Distribution: <i>C. nasuta</i> lives among the leaves of the rainforests in East Madagascar and Nosy Boraha (St. Marie). It was banned from export by CITES in 1995. Description: It is a very small species that only reaches a total length of 8 inches (10 cm). <i>Nasuta</i> does not possess any occipital lobes or crests. The most obvious descriptive feature is a small, flexible rostral process only a few millimeters long. The colors include a dirty green, yellow, brown, and grey. Climate: As <i>nasuta</i> lives in the rainforests, the climate is very humid. The temperatures vary throughout the year between 71-82 F (22- 28 C). The humidity is between 70 and 100%. Captive Care: <i>C. nasuta</i> is very calm and not particularly shy. It is possible to keep a pair in a single terrarium with a size of around 16Lx16Wx24 inch (40x40x60 cm). The daytime temperatures should be around 75-77 F (24-25 C) in the summer and around 68 F (20 C) in the winter. This species requires high humidity. Food: Food of appropiate size, will be accepted Breeding: Breeding almost invariably occurs in the early morninng hours. The male's courtship is similar to that of all other chameleons. After a 40 day gestation the female deposits 2-4 eggs which she hides under leaves in the same manner as Brookesia or Rhampholeon. The eggs should be incubated at room temperature and typically hatch after 90 days although incubation times as short as 2 months have been reported (F. LeBerre, personal communication). Contributed by Bo Ikkala. <b>References</b> Klaver, C. & W. Böhme. 1997. Chamaeleonidae. Das Tierreich, 112: i-xiv' 1 - 85. Verlag Walter de Gruyter & Co., Berlin, New York. Handbook. Necas, P. 1999. Chameleons: Nature's Hidden Jewels. Krieger Publishing Company, Malabar, FL.
57	Bradypodion		damaranum	Knysna Dwarf Chameleon	<i>Chamaeleon damaranus, Chamaeleo pumilus damaranus</i>. For alternate genus names <a href="tax.asp?id=3">click here for a species list of <i>Bradypodion</i> </a>	Boulenger	1887	Small	Live	Experienced	Habitat and Distribution: <i>B. damaranum</i> inhabits bushes and trees of the Tsitsikamma Forest region on the slopes and foot of the Outeniqua Mountains in the moderate but humid coastal regions of Western and Eastern Cape Provinces, South Africa (from George to Witelsbos) Description: Medium-sized dwarf chameleon. Sides with granular scales and flattened, lenticular scales. Two rows of enlarged lenticular scales adorn the dorsal region. Head with well developed, narrow casque, bent to the back of the animal. Dorsal crest with enlarged, convex tubercles. Gular crest consists of 8-13 large skin flaps, longer than wide. Abdominal crest of 35-50 intermittent, low tubercles, which increase in size caudally. The tail is longer than the SVL of the animal. Males display a intensive green to turquoise or blue basic coloration. On the sides there is a long yellow, orange to red or purple spot, mostly limited by a yellow stripe. Females and juveniles are mainly green or yellow-brownish. The total length is about seven inches, SVL about three inches. Husbandry and Breeding: Usually individual housing, pairs only in large enclosures. Gravid females should always be housed separately. Outdoor setups during the summer time are strongly recommended but there must be ample opportunity for the animals to withdraw from direct sunlight. Semi-screened cages are highly recommended with a minimum space of 20x20x25 inches. The following temperatures proved to be useful: Summer time day temps: 77-82 ° F, at night 60-65 ° F; Winter time day temps 70-75 ° F, night temps 53-57 ° F. The night drop is essential for the animals. Humidity days: 60-70%, at night 80-100 % r.H. Special fluorescent tubes with UV-light, HQL/HQI-lamps are required for indoor housing in large enclosures. A little spot light for thermoregulation is also necessary. Cages should also contain Small-leaved plants and twigs with dense plantings in one corner of the cage. Hydration requirements are medium to high with a minimum of 2 mistings per day but during the dry period only once. The use of an extra dripper or individual watering of adult animals can be helpful. Every other week a multi-vitamin product should be added to the drinking water in an adequate amount. Feeding should occur on 2-3 day/week. Babies and gravid females should be fed more often. All kinds of small food items, including crickets, flies, wax moths and larvae are eagerly accepted. Food items should be dusted with a multi mineral (but not vitamin) product every other day. For breeding purposes the female is introduced to the male´s cage after the winter break. The male approaches the female while performing a head-bobbing routine and displaying intensified coloration. If the female is receptive, she doesn't reject the male. If the female isn't receptive, the animals should be separated again. Lack of receptivity is typically indicated by the female gaping at the male and showing stress colors. Copulation lasts a couple of minutes and is performed numerous times during a period of about a week. After that period the female should be separated from the male again. <i>B. damaranum</i> is ovoviviparous. Up to two litters are dropped during one year. Six - fourteen (maximum of 20) babies are born after a gestation period of 4-6 months, usually in the morning hours. The female attaches the babies inside their birth sacs to twigs, leaves, bark or she simply drops them. Healthy babies emerge from the birth sacs within a short time and start to crawl around immediately, feeding within the first couple of hours. They can be raised in groups in the beginning but must then be housed separately in suitable cages. First food items are fruit flies, pin head crickets, spring tails, etc. Sexual maturity occurs at one year of age. Life span is 3-4 years if maintained under optimal conditions. (Contributed by Juergen Pietschmann. Translated by Stefan Dangel and added to by Lynn Raw) <b>References</b> Klaver, C. & W. Böhme. 1997. Chamaeleonidae. Das Tierreich, 112: i-xiv' 1 - 85. Verlag Walter de Gruyter & Co., Berlin, New York. Martin, J., 1992. Masters of Disguise: A Natural History of Chameleons. Facts On File, Inc., New York, NY. Necas, P. 1999. Chameleons: Nature's Hidden Jewels. Krieger Publishing Company, Malabar, FL.
58	Bradypodion		dracomontanum	Drakensberg Dwarf Chameleon	None. For alternate genus names <a href="tax.asp?id=3">click here for a species list of <i>Bradypodion</i> </a>	Raw	1976	Small	Live	Expert	<i>B. dracomontanum</i> is found among the green forests, montane meadows and high savannas in the southern and central Drakensberg regions of KwaZulu-Natal Province, South Africa at elevations of 4500-7500 ft. Fine, granular scales are distributed on the sides with a few conical scales. The casque is medium-sized, bent backwards with remarkable cranial crests. The gular crest consists of 10-18 square skin flaps. The dorsal crest consists of 39-49 small, conical scales and continues to the tail, which is longer than the SVL of the animal. Total length is about six inches and SVL is less than 3 inches. Males display a green-bluish coloration with some white tubercles, as well as light yellow spots at the throat and abdomen. Female coloration is unremarkable, mostly green and brown with some white spots. Care and Breeding: Individual housing in well ventilated cages only. Minimum cage size is 20x20x25 inches for a single animal. Outdoor setups from May till September in moderate climate zones (e.g. Europe) strongly recommended. Day temperatures should be in the mid to high seventies with night time drops to as low as 50° F, even lower in winter. In its natural habitat, <i>B. dracomontanum</i> is exposed to temperatures as low as 30° F. The night drop is essential for the animal´s well being Lighting, hydration, feeding and supplementation needs are identical to those for <i>B. damaranum</i> Breeding: Ovoviviparous with a gestation time of about 5-6 months. Litter size is typically 8-12 babies with one litter per year. Best raised individually, as <i>B. damaranum</i>, maybe at even lower temps. Life span: 3-5 years. (Contributed by Juergen Pietschmann. Translated by Stefan Dangel) <b>References</b> Klaver, C. & W. Böhme. 1997. Chamaeleonidae. Das Tierreich, 112: i-xiv' 1 - 85. Verlag Walter de Gruyter & Co., Berlin, New York. Martin, J., 1992. Masters of Disguise: A Natural History of Chameleons. Facts On File, Inc., New York, NY. Necas, P. 1999. Chameleons: Nature's Hidden Jewels. Krieger Publishing Company, Malabar, FL. Raw, L. R. G., 1976. A survey of the dwarf chameleons of Natal, South Africa, with descriptions of three new species (Sauria: Chamaeleonidae), Durban Museum Novitates 11 (7): 139-161.
61	Chamaeleo	Chamaeleo	chamaeleon	Common or European or Mediterranean Chameleon	<i>Lacerta chamaeleon, Chamaeleon mntabilis, Chamaeleon vulgaris, Chamaeleon fasciatus, Chamaeleon chamaeleon</i>. For alternate genus names <a href="tax.asp?id=9">click here for a species list of <i>Chamaeleo</i> </a>	Linnaeus	1758	Medium	Eggs	Experienced	<b>Geographical ditribution.</b> <i>C. chamaeleon</i> is found in North Africa, Portugal, Southern Spain, Greece, Saudi Arabia, Yemen, along the Mediterranean Sea coast through Israel, Lebanon, Syria and Turkey as well as on some islands in the Aegean Sea and the Mediterranean Sea. <b>Popultion staus.</b> They are protected in many of the areas where they are found, as indicated by these articles: Malta: An article by Vincent Attard; http://www.maltamag.com/nature/chameleon.html Spain: Protected since 1973; http://rota.optimat.com/i-camaeleon.html <b>Habitat and Climate.</b> In Spain and Portugal they inhabit coastal regions, often found in tamarisks. In N. Africa, diverse biotypes including semi desert areas, prairies, eucalyptus forests and oases – often near bodies of water. There is a wide variation in the amount of yearly rainfall, humidity and temperature due to the wide geographic range that they inhabit. <b>Temperment. </b> Wild caught adults seem to be quite shy of their keepers while those that are captive hatched seem to be quite tolerant. However, handling of captive hatched animals still results in hissing and puffing up but rarely biting. If given the opportunity, they will “run” away. Their reaction to conspecifics is also quite tolerant. Even when a male faces another adult male there is often little reaction except during breeding season. A male and female have even been kept together when the female was gravid. If signs of stress are noticed they should be separated. When kept in pairs, the male is often seen sitting near the female who shows no reaction to him unless she is gravid. <b>Care rating.</b> Due to their ability to live in such a wide range of elevations and environments, these chameleons do not seem to be one of the most difficult to keep in captivity. However, given the dearth of information on their captive husbandry they shoul be kept only by experienced keepers. <b>Description</b>. Squamation is mostly homogeneous with some larger plate-like scales on the face. There is a row of conical scales that form a small crest on the back and a small gular crest. The parietal crest is moderately raised with the highest elevation being towards the back. They have small occipital lobes. There are possible scale organs around the eyes (L. Raw, personal communication). Adults may grow to 11” total length but European specimens are about 8” (M. Persson, unpublished observation). SVL is approximately 4"-6" inches and adults weigh 38 to 58 grams. Life expectancy is reported to be as high as 6 years. <i>C. chamaeleon</i> reaches sexual maturity at about one year of age. Males have the typical hemipenal bulges, a very slightly higher casque and are slightly slimmer. The color range includes shades of green, gray, yellow, orange and brown. They usually have two broken longitudinal white/light stripes along the sides, one starting just above the shoulder and one starting just below the shoulder. They can have a somewhat complicated pattern at times consisting of a series of v-shapes along the spine interspersed with spots and splotches. Females show receptive coloration that includes a dotted pattern. According to Cuadrado (2000), all copulation attempts by males are violently rejected when the female shows a black body with yellow spots. <b>Temperature and humidity</b>. Adults do well when kept between 78 to 88 degrees F. during the daytime with a drop to 68F at night. They can withstand quite high temperatures (into the 90’s F)for short periods of time. Hatchlings should be kept more moderately than adults (high 70’s F) since they can over-heat and dehydrate more quickly due to their small body size. Persson (unpublished observation) suggests that they should have a cooling down period at 50-59F for 8 weeks if you want to breed them. The gut must be emptied for at least a week before starting to drop the temperature and water, in the must be provided by syringe or bowl during the cool-down period. <b>Humidity</b>. Humidity is not critical. They seem to be able to withstand both dry and humid conditions well (personal observation) but as with all chameleons, proper hydration must be provided in the form of dripping and misting. ?? <b>Reproduction, Breeding and Incubation </b> <i>C. chamaeleon</i> lays eggs 45 to 60 days after mating. Mating occurs from mid July to mid September in the northern hemisphere. They usually lay only one clutch per year. The clutch is laid sometime from the end of September to the first of November. Hatching occurs after incubating on moist vermiculite at 72 to 74 degrees F. for 200 to 290 days. (For instance, in one clutch the first hatched at 253 days and the last at 294. In a second clutch, the first hatched at 260 days and the last at 282 days.) In the author's experience, a clutch can consist of 6 to 20 eggs but according to P. Necas (1999), 3 to 66 eggs may be laid per clutch. Hatchlings are 2 to 3 inches long (total length). Necas (1999) reports that at a constant temperature of 28C (83F) all hatchlings were female. According to M. Persson (unpublished observation) incubation at 27 to 29C (81 to 84F) produced 38 female hatchling and only 2 males. The present writer found that the ratio of males to females was about 50/50 when incubated at 72-74F. The possibility of temperature-dependent sexual differentiation remains a tantalizing, albeit as yet unproven, possibility as this phenomenon has yet to be conclusively demonstrated among the Chamaeleonidae. <b>Food and water.</b> These chameleons can learn to drink from a dish but spraying the cage once or twice a day is the preferred method of providing water. They will readily drink if you mist their faces gently with warm water (personal observation). The food consists of insects that are dusted with vitamins, minerals, calcium and D3 on a regular schedule. Hatchlings should be fed everyday but adults need only be fed three times a week. The frequency of supplementation should be decreased as the chameleons grow to adulthood. <b>Lighting and caging</b>. Full spectrum lighting, including adequate UVB must be provided. A basking light may be included. They should be housed separately but may be kept in pairs if close and prolonged observation indicates that their interactions are not stressful to one or both. Branches of a suitable size for them to grip easily should be provided. Plants should be used to provide places to hide. Whether real or artificial the plants should be well washed to remove any residue. If the plant’s soil contains vermiculite, remove about an inch of it and replace with sand or cover the surface of the soil with pebbles that are too big to ingest. Females should be provided with an appropriate place to lay eggs. The present author has always provided a container in their cages to give them a place to start digging and show that they are ready to lay the eggs. The female can then be moved to a larger container where the eggs will be laid. No substrate should be used in the cage as it has been known to cause problems in males when some of the substrate was retracted back into the body with the hemipenes and impaction and infection resulted. Some substrates can contain toxins. Some can be ingested and cause intestinal impaction. A dish of water may be added to the cage. The water should be changed daily. Hatchlings should be caged and raised individually, similar to the manner previously described for adults but without a basking light. (Contributed by Lynda Horgan) <b>References</b> Cuadrado, M. 2000. Body Colors Indicate the Reproductive Status of Female Common Chameleons: Experimental Evidence for the Intersex Communication Function. Ethology 106, 79-91. Klaver, C. & W. Böhme. 1997. Chamaeleonidae. Das Tierreich, 112: i-xiv' 1 - 85. Verlag Walter de Gruyter & Co., Berlin, New York. Necas, P. 1999. Chameleons: Nature's Hidden Jewels. Krieger Publishing Company, Malabar, FL.
63	Furcifer		antimena	Spiny Desert Rhinoceros Chameleon	<i>Chamaeleo antimena, Chamaeleon rhinoceratus, Chamaeleo antinema</i>. For alternate genus names <a href="tax.asp?id=8">click here for a species list of <i>Furcifer</i> </a>	Grandidier	1872	Medium	Eggs	Expert	<i>F. antimena</i> is endemic to the South-Western spiny desert of Madagascar. It is not currently known to occur in any protected areas. The best known locality for this species is the spiny forests surrounding the village of Belalanda near Tulear. It is also known from a number of other localities in the general region of Tulear. Common within it's range, it occurs together with <i>Furcifer labordi</i> at Ranobe, north of Ifaty, Tulear (Raxworthy pers.comm.) Males reach a maximum total length of 12-13 inches(33 cms). Females only grow to about 7 inches (18 cms). Scalation is heterogeneous with a longitudinal row of enlarged scales. Males exhibit a prominent, vertically compressed nasal projection that is present but less developed in females. The "nose" is thin and fragile. Males have a high casque which is much less elevated in females. Males also have a gular crest of a few pointed tubercles while females have a gular crest of numerous very small pointed tubercles. Males are green or yellowish green with a dark brown or black-colored, irregular net pattern on the sides and tail. Lower parts of the flanks are off-white. The central parts of the flanks are usually more yellowish. Labials are green or yellow green. The casque and dorsal crest are bone colored. Males have a strongly developed doral crest formed of +/- 30 saw-like spines. Females have an incomplete dorsal crest of a maximum of 8 small pointed tubercles at the anterior part of the back. Females in non-breeding condition are grey with irregular black markings, often with a faint bluish flush. Gravid females are green with the upper parts of the flanks colored in purple with numerous cobalt blue scales mixed within. These cobalt blue spots are very prominent on the cheeks. Labials of gravid females are white. Similar species: <i>F. antimena</i> can only be confused with </i>Furcifer rhinoceratus</i> and <i>Furcifer labordi</i>, two closely related species. Male <i>F. antimena</i> differ from male <i>Furcifer rhinoceratus</i> by the complete dorsal crest and from male <i>Furcifer labordi</i> by the lack of a white medio-ventral line. Female <i>Furcifer antimena</i> differ from female <i>F.rhinoceratus</i> and <i>F.labordi</i> by the heterogenous scalation (homogenous in <i>F.rhinoceratus</i> and <i>F.labordi</i>) (Contributed by Olaf Pronk, Centre Soafiavy, Madagascar) <b>References</b> Klaver, C. & W. Böhme. 1997. Chamaeleonidae. Das Tierreich, 112: i-xiv' 1 - 85. Verlag Walter de Gruyter & Co., Berlin, New York. Martin, J., 1992. Masters of Disguise: A Natural History of Chameleons. Facts On File, Inc., New York, NY. Necas, P. 1999. Chameleons: Nature's Hidden Jewels. Krieger Publishing Company, Malabar, FL.
64	Furcifer		willsii	None	<i>Chamaeleon willsii, Chamaeleo willsii, Chamaeleo willsii willsii</i>. For alternate genus names <a href="tax.asp?id=8">click here for a species list of <i>Furcifer</i> </a>	Gunther	1890	Small	Eggs	Expert	<i>F. wilsii</i> is a rainforest species of central Madagascar. Two subspecies, first identified as <i>C. wilsii willsii</i> and <i>C. willsii petteri</i> are now regarded as separate species, <i>F. willsii</i> and <i>F. petteri</i>. (Contributed by E. Pollak) <b>References</b> Klaver, C. & W. Böhme. 1997. Chamaeleonidae. Das Tierreich, 112: i-xiv' 1 - 85. Verlag Walter de Gruyter & Co., Berlin, New York. Martin, J., 1992. Masters of Disguise: A Natural History of Chameleons. Facts On File, Inc., New York, NY. Necas, P. 1999. Chameleons: Nature's Hidden Jewels. Krieger Publishing Company, Malabar, FL.
68	Brookesia		decaryi	None	None. For alternate genus names <a href="tax.asp?id=5">click here for a species list of <i>Brookesia</i> </a>	Angel	1938	Small	Eggs	Expert	<i>Brookesia decaryi</i> has only a small range in Northeast Madagascar, the so-called dry forest of Ankarafantsika. It's population status must, therefore, be considered highly restricted. <i>B. decaryi</i> lives in the most humid microhabitat, the floor of the dry-forest (O. Pronk, personal communication). The climate shows significant seasonal changes. The summer is warm and humid, temperatures ranging from 77 - 86°F during the daytime with a night time drop to 56°F. Humidity during the day is 50-60%, rising to 90% during the night. The winter is cold and dry with temperatures ranging from the low 40´s to mid 50´s and only occasional rain. Males reach a total length of 3 inches (SVL 2 inches). Females reach 3.5 inches total length (SVL to 2 inches). Adults weigh from 3-4 grams. They are generally docile toward conspecifics and keepers but males are aggressive toward each other. <i>B. decaryi</i> possesses a flat casque with thorns at the rear end and a double row of thorny spines along the back. There is a large rhomboid plate at the pelvic area. Basic coloration is brown with dispersed black spots. Males are slightly smaller than females with a significant hemipenal bulge. <i>B. decaryi</i> can be kept individually, in pairs, or small groups in a "typical" <i>Brookesia</i> set up: Cage wider than high, small plants (e.g. ferns, ivy, etc.), twigs, and a layer of dead leaves. These are important for hiding during hibernation. Fluorescent light tubes are sufficient for the lighting, but a small halogen spot should be installed for basking. The simulation of change of seasons is essential because it triggers breeding activity but the increase or decrease of temperatures and humidity should take place slowly. Day temperatures during the summer should be around 78° F with a significant night drop and intensive misting. During winter, temperatures should be lower than 68° F to allow the animals to hibernate. During this time, misting is only necessary twice a week. Breeding/incubation techniques: Within the first weeks after hibernation, the male´s interest in the female increases. The male circles the females with quick head and body movements, eventually riding on the female's back. Mating takes place on consecutive days. Gestation, incubation temperatures, humidity, and length of incubation have yet to be determined. Clutch size and age at sexual maturity are similarly unknown. (Contributed by Stefan Dangel.) <b>References</b> Necas, P. 1999. Chameleons: Nature's Hidden Jewels. Krieger Publishing Company, Malabar, FL. Schmidt, W., Tamm, K. & Wallikewitz, E. 1996. Chamäleons-Drachen unserer Zeit. Herpetologischer Fachverlag, Muenster.
70	Chamaeleo	Trioceros	goetzei	Goetze´s chameleon	<i>Chamaeleon goetzei</i>. For alternate genus names <a href="tax.asp?id=9">click here for a species list of <i>Chamaeleo</i> </a>	Tornier,	1899	Medium		Experienced	The nominate form, <i>C. g. goetzei</i> is endemic to the Uzungwe, Rungwe, and Poroto Mts. of Tanzania. A subspecies, <i>C. g. nyikae</i> inhabits the Nyika Plateau of Malawi. <i>C. goetzei</i> favors montane forest edges, moist savannas and montane meadows. The Nyika plateau is at 7500 ft. <i>C. goetzei</i> resembles <i>C. bitaeniatus</i> and is often imported as that species. It has two lateral stripes, the upper stripe is continous while the lower stripe is interrupted. Both sexes sport small occipital lobes, the major criterion by which they may distinguished from <i>C. bitaeniatus</i>. Some populations have a black gular spot similar to that in <i>C. ellioti</i>. Overall length is 8 inches (SVL 3.5 inches). Weight is to 15-20 grams. The males have a clearly visible hemipenal bulge and are slightly smaller than the females. <i>C. goetzei</i> can be kept in pairs in a densly planted screened cage. This species seems to be very sensitive to URI due to poor ventilation. They benefit greatly from outdoor housing during the summer in an all-screen cage in the semi-shade. When kept inside, a basking spot is necessary for thermoregulation. Day temperatures should be in the mid-seventies with a night drop to at least 60 °F. Misting twice a day and a dripper are essential for their humidity needs. All food items of appropiate size, such as flies, crickets and small locusts are eagerly accepted. Obesity has not yet been observed. Temperament is docile towards keepers and conspecifics but males are aggressive amongst themselves. Breeding/incubation techniques: If kept together, mating can take place without observation due to the calm temper of the animals. The only hint that copulation has taken place may be some superficial skin lesions on the female. Gestation takes 6-8 months, depending on the average temperature. The babies are born in the morning hours in the usual ovoviviparous way. They can be raised in small groups with Drosophila and pinhead crickets. The babies seem to very sensitive to dehydration and should, therefore, not be raised in all screened cages unless an ultrasonic humidifier is used. The offspring reach sexual maturity within the first year. One-two clutches are born per year. (Contributed by Stefan Dangel.) <b>References</b> Klaver, C. & W. Böhme. 1997. Chamaeleonidae. Das Tierreich, 112: i-xiv' 1 - 85. Verlag Walter de Gruyter & Co., Berlin, New York. Necas, P. 1999. Chameleons: Nature's Hidden Jewels. Krieger Publishing Company, Malabar, FL. Schmidt, W., Tamm, K. & Wallikewitz, E. 1996. Chamäleons -Drachen unserer Zeit. Herpetologischer Fachverlag, Muenster.
71	Bradypodion		thamnobates	KwaZulu-Natal Midlands Dwarf Chameleon	<i>Chamaeleo pumilus thamnobates</i>. For alternate genus names <a href="tax.asp?id=3">click here for a species list of <i>Bradypodion</i> </a>	Raw	1976	Small	Live	Experienced	<i>B. thamnobates</i> (from the Greek "<i>thamnos</i>" meaning "shrub" and "<i>bates</i>" meaning to "crawl or climb over") inhabits the South African province of KwaZulu-Natal. It is restricted to the Midlands between Mooi River, Bulwer, Howick and Dargle at an elevation of 3000 – 4200 ft. The preferred habitat is in bushes and scrubs, along roads, fences and gardens. The annual rainfall is less than 1000 mm but no month is without rain. The rainy season is from October to April. Maximum temperature is around 86°F in January with a night drop to 59°F. In July the maximum temperature is around 68°F with a night drop below the 50´s and sometimes below freezing point. <i>B. thamnobates</i> is a small chameleon with a total length of 7.5 inches (SVL 3 inches) and weight of 10-12 grams. Both sexes have a relatively high casque without occipital lobes. The gular crest consists of skin flaps (scaly lobes) typical of South African <i>Bradypodion</i> species. A dorsal crest of conical scales continues along the back until the middle of the tail. The body scalation is very heterogenous with interspersed lenticular scales on the sides. Males have a significant hemipenal bulge. <i>B. thamnobates</i> is docile towards keepers and relatively docile toward conspecifics but males may be significantly aggressive amongst themselves. <i>B. thamnobates</i> can be housed in pairs or groups in screen cages. This species seems to be sensitive to upper respiratory infections due to inadequate ventilation. The animals benefit from outdoor housing from spring to fall. They are heliophilic and like to bask whenever possible. When kept indoors they need a basking spot (20 W halogen spot), and preferably HQL/HQI lamps of appropiate wattage. The temperatures should be maintained as described above. If housed in pairs or groups, mating may occur unnoticed due to the calm temper of the animals. If kept separated, the female should be introduced into the male´s cage. The male starts a head bobbing ritual and follows the female. If she is receptive she crawls away slowly and copulation takes place for 15 – 30 minutes. Mating can occur on consecutive days. When the female rejects the male´s approaches they should be separated. After a gestation period of five to eight months, 8-16 babies are born in the morning hours. They measure approx. 1.5 inches and can be raised with the usual drosophila and pinhead crickets in small groups. They seem to be sensitive to dehydration and should not be housed in all screen cages unless an ultrasonic humidifier is used. At the age of three months they should be separated since an early sexual maturity can happen at this time although 6 months is more common. Two clutches per year is possible in captivity. (Contributed by Stefan Dangel) <b>References</b> Necas, P. 1999. Chameleons: Nature's Hidden Jewels. Krieger Publishing Company, Malabar, FL. Raw, L. R. G., 1976. A survey of the dwarf chameleons of Natal, South Africa, with descriptions of three new species (Sauria: Chamaeleonidae), Durban Museum Novitates 11 (7): 139-161. Schmidt, W., Tamm, K. & Wallikewitz, E. 1996. Chamäleons -Drachen unserer Zeit. Herpetologischer Fachverlag, Muenster.
73	Calumma		malthe	None	<i>Chamaeleon malthe, Chamaeleo malthe</i>. For alternate genus names <a href="tax.asp?id=7">click here for a species list of <i>Calumma</i> </a>	Gunther	1879	Medium	Eggs	Expert	Inhabits rainforest trees and bushes of northern and eastern Madagascar. Total length to over 12 inches. Similar to C. brevicornis. Dorsal crest is present but gular and ventral crests are absent except for a few enlarged conical scales. The rostral process is flattened with grooves on its dorsal and ventral surfaces. Basic coloration is a greenish yellow with a whitish upper lip. The fused occipital lobes may be a more bluish-green. Little is known concerning the husbandry of this species. (Contributed by E. Pollak) <b>References</b> Klaver, C. & W. Böhme. 1997. Chamaeleonidae. Das Tierreich, 112: i-xiv' 1 - 85. Verlag Walter de Gruyter & Co., Berlin, New York. Martin, J., 1992. Masters of Disguise: A Natural History of Chameleons. Facts On File, Inc., New York, NY. Necas, P. 1999. Chameleons: Nature's Hidden Jewels. Krieger Publishing Company, Malabar, FL.
75	Furcifer		petteri	Petter's Chameleon	<i>Chamaeleo willsi petteri, Chamaeleo willsii petterii, Chamaeleo petteri</i>. For alternate genus names <a href="tax.asp?id=8">click here for a species list of <i>Furcifer</i> </a>	Brygoo & Domergue	1966	Small	Eggs	Expert	A small chameleon native to the rain and dry forests of northern Madagascar near Joffreville (Montagne d'Ambre) where it inhabits trees, bushes of dry forests or gardens. Day time temperatures generally range from the 75-85 F with a night time drop of 10-15 degrees F. Humidity is high, around 70% during the day and 90% at night. Total length or 6-7 inches. Females are slightly smaller. <i>F. petteri</i> was formerly considered a subspecies of <i>F. willsii</i>. The small head bears a low casque lacking occipital lobes. In the male, two laterally compressed rostral processes extend from the the rostral crests. Enlarged scales cover these rostral processes. Body scalation is largely homogeneous but a low dorsal crest of conical scales is apparent. Gular and ventral crests are absent. The basic coloration is green with white, and less commonly, yellow, red, and blue markings. "Breeding males develop cross stripes and females change to lime yellow with a rich red color on top of their heads, just between the rostral crests." (Necas, 1999, p. 230). A courting male develops blue striping. A non-receptive female will respond by darkening and may attack the male. Females lack the rostral processes and males exhibit a boadened tail base and hemipenal bulge. Individual caging is mandatory for this highly active and aggressive species. Frequent mistings are necessary as animals lick droplets from plant leaves. Following mating, females become increasingly aggressive and lay after about 30 days. Incubation at 73-75 F results in incubation after approximately 240 days. (Contributed by E. Pollak) <b>References</b> Klaver, C. & W. Böhme. 1997. Chamaeleonidae. Das Tierreich, 112: i-xiv' 1 - 85. Verlag Walter de Gruyter & Co., Berlin, New York. Necas, P. 1999. Chameleons: Nature's Hidden Jewels. Krieger Publishing Company, Malabar, FL.
76	Furcifer		labordi	Labord's Chameleon	<i>Chamaeleo labordi, Chamaeleon labordi, Chamaeleo barbouri, Chamaeleo rhinoceratus labordi.</i> For alternate genus names <a href="tax.asp?id=8">click here for a species list of <i>Furcifer</i> </a>	Grandidier	1872	Medium	Eggs	Expert	<i>F. labordi</i> is endemic to the warm coastal areas of western Madagascar. While there is a pronounced rainy season, humidity is quite high throughout the year. It's preferred habitat includes small trees and thickets of thorny bushes. F. labordi is similar in appearance to <i>F. antimena, F. angeli</i>, and <i>F. rhinoceratus</i> (of which it was once thought to be a subspecies). Females lack the high casque of the male and sport only a small rostral process compared to the large, laterally compressed rostral process of the male. A dorsal crest of conical scales is apparent but gular and ventral crests are absent. Scalation is primarily homogeneous with a few enlarged scales randomly distruibuted on the flanks. Males are primarily green with a lighter, broken line along the flanks. Diagonal bands of light green or gray sometimes adorm the sides. Female show more brown, blue and purplish highlights on her green body and and bilateral oval spots of red to violet just behind the head. Diagonal striping is similar to that of the male but may be more intense. Both sexes darken under conditions of stress. <i>F. labordi</i> is extremely shy toward keepers and should be maintained in large cages with dense plantings. Basking temperatures of up to 87 degrees F should be provided with cooler parts of the cage being in the low to mid 70s. Nightime temperatures of approximately 65 F are desirable. Frequent mistings are required to maintain a high humidity and to provide water droplets which are licked from leaves. Females lay approximately 8 eggs which hatch after 10 months when incubated at 83-4 F. (Contributed by E. Pollak) <b>References</b> Klaver, C. & W. Böhme. 1997. Chamaeleonidae. Das Tierreich, 112: i-xiv' 1 - 85. Verlag Walter de Gruyter & Co., Berlin, New York. Necas, P. 1999. Chameleons: Nature's Hidden Jewels. Krieger Publishing Company, Malabar, FL.
77	Bradypodion		pumilum	Cape Dwarf Chameleon	<i>Chamaeleo bonae speh, Lacerta pumila, Chamaeleo thermophilus, Chameleo pumillus, Chamaeleon tunicatus, Lophosaura pumila, Chamaeleon punilus, Chamaeleo pumilus, Microsaura pumilum, Microsaurus pumilus.</i> For alternate genus names <a href="tax.asp?id=3">click here for a species list of <i>Bradypodion</i> </a>	Gmelin	1789	Small	Live	Experienced	The systematics of this group has been the subject of considerable debate. Klaver and Boehme (1997) recognized the following subspecies: <i>Bradypodion pumilum pumilum, B. p. caffer, guttarale, karrooicum, melanocephalumm occidentale, taeniabronchum, transvaalensis, ventrale.</i> However, Raw (1976) gave species status to virtually all of these subspecies as did Klaver and Boehme (1986). Necas (1999) follows the 1986 nomenclature of Klaver and Boehme. Needless to say, controversy exists. <i>Bradypodion pumilum</i> is a small, active chameleon indigenous to southern Namibia, South Africa and southern Mozambique. It occupies grasses and shrubs in a range of habitats, often near streams or shorelines but also in cultivated regions where it has successfully colonized gardens and plantations. Daily temperature fluctuations are extreme in its natural habitat. Summer highs are around 87 F while night time lows are aften in the high 50s F. During the winter months, daily highs in the upper 60s and night time lows of less than 20 F are common. Humidity in its home range is often quite high and daily dewing is likely its major source of water. Total length does not exceed 10 inches and is usually less than 8 inches. The high crest lacks occipital lobes. The gular crest is of a type that is unique to the Bradypodion pumilum complex, being composed of small hanging flaps of skin rather than enlarged, modified scales. The dorsal crest is composed of enlarged conical scales and extends from the cervical region to roughly half way down the tail. A ventral crest is absent and body scalation is strongly heterogeneous. Coloration and body markings are highly variable The body may range from yellow to green to brown. A broad, light colored stripe on the flanks extends from the head to the pelvic region. Males may be distinguished only by a hemipenal bulge. Intermale aggression is strong but males may be housed with several females in a large, heavily planted cage. Adequate ventilation of the cage is crucial and screen or wire mesh cages are strongly preferred. Unlike many species of chameleon, <i>B. pumilum</i> lives far from the equator. This means that annual fluctuations in day length are significant. It is not known to what extent (if any) reproduction is tied to light cycles but it is recommended that the keeper attempt to mimic the natural condition with a 10L:14D cycle during the winter and a 14L:12D cycle in the summer. Females give birth as many as 3 (and ocassionally 4) times/year. Gestation lasts from 90-105 days and 2-21 babies may result. Fertilization has been shown to occur from retained sperm. (Contributed by E. Pollak.) <b>References</b> Bartlett, R. D. and Bartlett, P. 1995. Chameleons: A Complete Pet Owner's Manual. Barron's Educations Series, Hauppuage, NY Klaver, C. & W. Böhme. 1986. Phylogeny and classification of the Chamaeleonidae (Sauria) with special reference to hemipenis morphology. Bonner Zool. Monogr. 22: 1-64. Klaver, C. & W. Böhme. 1997. Chamaeleonidae. Das Tierreich, 112: i-xiv' 1 - 85. Verlag Walter de Gruyter & Co., Berlin, New York. Le Berre, F. 1994. The New Chameleon Handbook. Barron's Educational Series. Martin, J., 1992. Masters of Disguise: A Natural History of Chameleons. Facts On File, Inc., New York, NY. Necas, P. 1999. Chameleons: Nature's Hidden Jewels. Krieger Publishing Company, Malabar, FL. Raw, L. R. G., 1976. A survey of the dwarf chameleons of Natal, South Africa, with descriptions of three new species (Sauria: Chamaeleonidae), Durban Museum Novitates 11 (7): 139-161. Schmidt, W., Tamm, K. and Wallikewitz, E. 1994a. Chameleons, Volume I: Species. T.F.H. Publications, Neptune City, NJ. Schmidt, W., Tamm, K. and Wallikewitz, 1994b. Chameleons, Volume II: Care and Breeding. T.F.H. Publications, Neptune City, NJ.
78	Chamaeleo	Chamaeleo	quilensis	None	<i>Chamaeleo dilepis quilensis, Chamaeleon parvilobus, Chamaeleon quilensis</i>. For alternate genus names <a href="tax.asp?id=9">click here for a species list of <i>Chamaeleo</i> </a>	Bocage	1866	Medium	Eggs	Experienced	Formerly considered a subspecies of <i>C. dilepis (q.v.), C. quilensis</i> has a broad distribution from Togo and Nigeria in the north through western Africa, South Africa and northward into Mozambique. (Contributed by E. Pollak) <b>References</b> Klaver, C. & W. Böhme. 1997. Chamaeleonidae. Das Tierreich, 112: i-xiv' 1 - 85. Verlag Walter de Gruyter & Co., Berlin, New York. Necas, P. 1999. Chameleons: Nature's Hidden Jewels. Krieger Publishing Company, Malabar, FL.
81	Chamaeleo	Chamaeleo	namaquensis	Namaqua chameleon	<i>Chamaeleo capensis, Chaemelio namaquensis, Chameleo tuberculiferus, Chamaeleon namaquensis, Chamaelo calcaratus</i>. For alternate genus names <a href="tax.asp?id=9">click here for a species list of <i>Chamaeleo</i> </a>	Smith	1831	Medium	Eggs	Expert	<i>C. namaquensis</i> is a stocky chameleon with a relatively large head and shortened tail. Total length reaches a maximum of 10-10.5 inches. Males are slightly smaller than females and may be distinguished by a broader tail base. Ventral and gular crests are absent, as are occipital lobes. The dorsal crest is composed of 12-14 spines, covered with enlarged scales. Basic body coloration is gray and bown with 4-6 lighter blotches along the flanks and darker trianglular patterns below the dorsal crest. The throat make exhibit reddish or yellow striations. <i>C. namaquensis</i> is indigenous to the deserts of Angola, Namibia and western South Africa where vegetation is rarely more than scattered clumps of low bushes. This is a habitat of extremes with little rainfall during most of the year although early morning humidity may reach 50%. Summer temperatures may be as high as 100 F and drop to 50 F at night. During the winter temperatures range from the low 70s to below freezing. Water is primarily from morningn dew but also from their prey items and the consumption of plant material. Like many other desert species they are efficient at resorbing water. They excrete salt from nasal glands. Another adaptation to their harsh environment is their ability to dig holes in the sand which they utilize for thermoregulation. They may also use the borrows of other animals for this purpose. Interspecfic aggression is well developed in both males and females and group housing is not advisable. Having adapted to a largely terrestial life style, these are said to be among the fastest runners of all the chameleons. The tail, no longer than the body, has lost at least some of its (presumably) ancestral prehensile ability. Six - 22 eggs may be laid as often as three times/year in a sandy medium. Incubation is from 3-4 months and there are reports of females guarding the laying sites. Sexual maturity occurs as early as 5-7 months. To survive in such a harsh environment, C. namaquensis has developed an ability to feed on poisonous scorpions and even small adders. (Contributed by E. Pollak) Literature cited: Klaver, C. & W. Böhme. 1997. Chamaeleonidae. Das Tierreich, 112: i-xiv' 1 - 85. Verlag Walter de Gruyter & Co., Berlin, New York. Martin, J., 1992. Masters of Disguise: A Natural History of Chameleons. Facts On File, Inc., New York, NY. Necas, P. 1999. Chameleons: Nature's Hidden Jewels. Krieger Publishing Company, Malabar, FL.
82	Calumma		Oshaughnessyi	O'Shaughnessy's Chameleon	<i>Chamaeleon oshaughnessii, Chamaeleo oshaughnessyi</i>. For alternate genus names <a href="tax.asp?id=7">click here for a species list of <i>Calumma</i> </a>	Gunther	1881	Medium	Eggs	Expert	Found in rainforest bushes of south-central Madagascar. Reports of northern populations are unconfirmed. In addition to the nominate form, <i>C. o. oshaughnessyi</i>, a second subspecies, <i>C. o. ambreensis</i>, has been described. Total length to 16 inches. The head bears a high, flattened casque. Gular, ventral, and dorsal crests are absent. Two small but rigid processes adorn the rostrum. Body scalation is heterogeneous with a basic coloration of dull green with blue-green highlights. Very few specimens have reached the hands of hobbyists and long success in maintaining this species has not been reported. (Contributed by E. Pollak) <b>References</b> Abate, A. Chameleon profile: Calumma Oshaughnessyi. 1999. Chameleon Information Network #34, 22-30. Klaver, C. & W. Böhme. 1997. Chamaeleonidae. Das Tierreich, 112: i-xiv' 1 - 85. Verlag Walter de Gruyter & Co., Berlin, New York. Martin, J., 1992. Masters of Disguise: A Natural History of Chameleons. Facts On File, Inc., New York, NY. Necas, P. 1999. Chameleons: Nature's Hidden Jewels. Krieger Publishing Company, Malabar, FL.
87	Chamaeleo	Chamaeleo	calcaricarens	None	<i>Chamaeleo (africanus) calcaricarens</i>. For alternate genus names <a href="tax.asp?id=9">click here for a species list of <i>Chamaeleo</i> </a>	Boehme	1985	Medium	Eggs		<i>C. calcaricarens</i> is a medium sized chameleon with a total length to 12 inches. It inhabits the lower levels and floor of savannahs and dry forests of Somalia, Ethiopia, Eritrea and Djibouti. Formerly considered a subspecies of <i>C. africanus (q.v.)</i>, male <i>C. calcaricarens</i> lack the tarsal spurs seen in male <i>C. africanus</i>. (Contributed by E. Pollak) <b>References<b> Klaver, C. & W. Böhme. 1997. Chamaeleonidae. Das Tierreich, 112: i-xiv' 1 - 85. Verlag Walter de Gruyter & Co., Berlin, New York. Necas, P. 1999. Chameleons: Nature's Hidden Jewels. Krieger Publishing Company, Malabar, FL.
89	Calumma		globifer	None	<i>Chamaeleon globifer, Chamaeleo globifer</i>. For alternate genus names <a href="tax.asp?id=7">click here for a species list of <i>Calumma</i> </a>	Guenther	1879	Medium	Eggs	Experienced	<i>Calumma globifer</i> is a medium sized species from eastern Madagascar. Total length rarely exceeds 14-15 inches. An arboreal species,it inhabits the trees and shrubs of the rainforest edge at elevations of 700-1,300 meters. The casque is large and low and bears well developed, occipital lobes. There is a pair of small, knob-like rostral processes in males that is formed by the merging of the canthi rostrales. In females, these processes are much reduced. The sexes may also be distinguished by the male’s slightly broader tail base. A small dorsal crest of slightly enlarged, conical scales is present. Gular and ventral crests are absent. Body scalation is homogeneous. Basic coloration includes various shades of green, and yellow green. In relaxed coloration there is often a cream colored horizontal stripe along the flanks. In stress coloration this stripe may darken to black. Within this basic coloration subtle highlights of brown or even red may appear as thin striations on the interstitial skin. <i>C. globifer</i> requires high humidity and good air circulation. They are said to be shy and relatively non-aggressive toward each other. Pairs have been kept in large cages but males should not be housed together. Care should be taken to allow the cage and especially the climbing branches to dry thoroughly. Basking temperatures should be low, not to exceed 80 F with a night time drop of 10-15 F. Females lay approximately 25 eggs but little else is known concerning their reproduction. (Contributed by E. Pollak) <b>References</b> Klaver, C. & W. Böhme. 1997. Chamaeleonidae. Das Tierreich, 112: i-xiv' 1 - 85. Verlag Walter de Gruyter & Co., Berlin, New York. Necas, P. 1999. Chameleons: Nature's Hidden Jewels. Krieger Publishing Company, Malabar, FL.
90	Brookesia		brygooi	Brygoo's Chameleon	None. For alternate genus names <a href="tax.asp?id=5">click here for a species list of <i>Brookesia</i> </a>	Raxworthy and Nussbaum	1995	Small	Eggs	Expert	<i>Brookesia brygooi</i> is a pygmy chameleon indigenous to western and southwestern Madagascar where it inhabits the grass and leaf litter of the rainforest floor. Total length does not exceed 4 inches. Little is known concerning its reproduction. <i>Brookesia brygooi</i> has often been confused with <i>B.ebenaui</i> and <i>B.legendrei</i> and <i>B.brygooi</i>. <i>B.ebenaui</i> is the species often seen on pictures labeled as <i>B.legendrei</i> and <i>B.legendrei</i> is a junior synonym for <i>B.ebenaui</i>. Brygoo mistakenly attributed <i>Brookesia</i> found in south and southwest Madagascar to the species <i>Brookesia ebenaui</i> first described from the island of Nosy Be in 1880. <i>B. brygooi</i> (Fig 382) and <i>B.ebenaui</i> (Fig 182 and 381) in Glaw and Vences' "a Fieldguide to the Amphibians and Reptiles of Madagascar" are erroneously labeled because this book was published before Nussbaum and Raxworthy corrected Brygoo's mistake. <i>B.ebenaui</i> occurs in humid forests and secondary growth and is rather arboreal. <i>B.brygooi</i> is mainly found in fairly dry Tsingy habitat where it occupies moister micro habitats. It occurs in the Tsingy de Bemaraha alongside with <i>B.perarmata</i>. (Contributed by Olaf Pronk andf E. Pollak) <b>References</b> Klaver, C. & W. Böhme. 1997. Chamaeleonidae. Das Tierreich, 112: i-xiv' 1 - 85. Verlag Walter de Gruyter & Co., Berlin, New York. Martin, J., 1992. Masters of Disguise: A Natural History of Chameleons. Facts On File, Inc., New York, NY. Necas, P. 1999. Chameleons: Nature's Hidden Jewels. Krieger Publishing Company, Malabar, FL.
91	Furcifer		major	Giant Carpet or Giant Jewel Chameleon	<i>Chamaeleo lateralis major, Furcifer lateralis major</i>. For alternate genus names <a href="tax.asp?id=8">click here for a species list of <i>Furcifer</i> </a>	Gray	1831	Medium	Eggs	Experienced	<i>Furcifer major</i> is considered by P. Necas (1999)to be a separate species, <i>F. major</i>, but that status has not, to our knowledge, been formalized and Klaver and Boehme (1997) consider it to be a subspecies, <i>F. lateralis major</i>. It differs from <i>F. lateralis lateralis</> primarily in size. While <i>F. lateralis </i> reaches lengths of only 8 inches, <i>F. major</i> may reach lengths of 12-14 inches. Endemic to the southwest coast of Madagascar, <i>F. major</i> inhabits the bushes of dry forests. Little information is available concerning this species but the assumption is that it should be treated similarly to <i>F. lateralis (q.v.)</i>. (Contributed by E. Pollak) <b>References</b> Klaver, C. & W. Böhme. 1997. Chamaeleonidae. Das Tierreich, 112: i-xiv' 1 - 85. Verlag Walter de Gruyter & Co., Berlin, New York. Necas, P. 1999. Chameleons: Nature's Hidden Jewels. Krieger Publishing Company, Malabar, FL.
92	Calumma		parsonii cristifer	Parson's Chameleon	<i>Chaeleon parsonsi, Chamaeleo parsonii, Chamaeleo parsoni crucifer</i>. For alternate genus names <a href="tax.asp?id=7">click here for a species list of <i>Calumma</i> </a>	Methuen & Hewitt	1913	Large	Eggs	Expert	Restricted to the area around Perinet (Andasibe), Madagascar, <i>C. parsonii cristifer</i> differs from the nominate form, <i>C. parsonii parsonii</i> in that <i>cristifer</i> posseses a small dorsal crest over the anterior 2/3 of the body and is generally smaller. Males reach a total length of 19 inches (SVL to 10.5 inches) while females have total and SV lengths of 16 and 9 inches, respectively. Where <i>C. p. parsonii</i> lacks a parietal crest, <i>C. p. cristifer</i> possesses a poorly developed parietal crest. Habitat and husbandry are similar to that for the nominate form (q.v.)(Contributed by E. Pollak) <b>References</b> De Vosjoli, P. and Ferguson, G. 1995. Care and Breeding of Chameleons. Advanced Vivarium Systems, Santee, CA. Kalisch, K. 1998. The captive care and breeding of Chamaeleo (Calumma) parsonii cristifer. Chameleon Information Network #27, 15-17. Klaver, C. & W. Böhme. 1997. Chamaeleonidae. Das Tierreich, 112: i-xiv' 1 - 85. Verlag Walter de Gruyter & Co., Berlin, New York. Le Berre, F. 1994. The New Chameleon Handbook. Barron's Educational Series. Martin, J., 1992. Masters of Disguise: A Natural History of Chameleons. Facts On File, Inc., New York, NY. Necas, P. 1999. Chameleons: Nature's Hidden Jewels. Krieger Publishing Company, Malabar, FL.
93	Bradypodion		ventrale	Southern Dwarf Chameleon	<i>Chameleo ventrali, Chamaeleo pusillus, Chamaeleon ventralis, Chamaeleo pumilus ventralis</i>. For alternate genus names <a href="tax.asp?id=3">click here for a species list of <i>Bradypodion</i> </a>	Gray	1845	Small	Live	Experienced	Until recently, <i>B. ventrale</i> was considered a subspecies of <i>B. pumilum (q.v.)</i>. Indigenous to the eastern Cape Province, Republic of South Africa, it occupies grasses, bushes and shrubs in the dry savanna habitat. Total length rarely exceeds 8 inches. Like other members of complex it possesses a pronounced gular crest composed of small, scaled skin flaps. The small casque is narrow and pointed. Rows of large, lenticular scales run horizontally along the flanks. A dorsal crest is present. Basic body coloration is gray and/or brown but males engaged in sexual or aggressive displays will exhibit a dark blue or even black coloration highlighted by bright, rust-colored stripes. Little has been written regarding this species but the assumption is that it should be kept similarly to <i>B. pumilum</i> and like <i>B. pumilum</i> it is ovoviviparous. (Contributed by E. Pollak) <b>References</b> Klaver, C. & W. Böhme. 1997. Chamaeleonidae. Das Tierreich, 112: i-xiv' 1 - 85. Verlag Walter de Gruyter & Co., Berlin, New York. Martin, J., 1992. Masters of Disguise: A Natural History of Chameleons. Facts On File, Inc., New York, NY. Necas, P. 1999. Chameleons: Nature's Hidden Jewels. Krieger Publishing Company, Malabar, FL.
95	Bradypodion		nemorale	Zululand Dwarf Chameleon	<i>Chamaeleo nemorale.</i> For alternate genus names <a href="tax.asp?id=3">click here for a species list of <i>Bradypodion</i> </a>	Raw	1978	Small	Live	Experienced	<i>Bradypodion nemorale</i> is indigenous to the Nklanda and Qudeni forests of Kwazulu, Republic of South Africa. It's preferred habitat is in the bushes of these dry forests. The basic color is a dark green with rust-colored patches. Gular and dorsal crests are present but a ventral crest is absent. The length of the tail is less than the length of the body. "Recurved, prominent casque and modest cranial casque" (Martin, 1992; p. 126). Total length between 6 and 8 inches. (Contributed by E. Pollak) <b>References</b> Klaver, C. & W. Böhme. 1997. Chamaeleonidae. Das Tierreich, 112: i-xiv' 1 - 85. Verlag Walter de Gruyter & Co., Berlin, New York. Martin, J., 1992. Masters of Disguise: A Natural History of Chameleons. Facts On File, Inc., New York, NY. Necas, P. 1999. Chameleons: Nature's Hidden Jewels. Krieger Publishing Company, Malabar, FL.
96	Bradypodion		melanocephalum	Black-Headed Dwarf Chameleon	<i>Microsaura melancephalum, Chamaeleon melanocephalus, Lophosaura melanocephala kentamica, Chamaeleo pumilum melanocephalus</i>. For alternate genus names <a href="tax.asp?id=3">click here for a species list of <i>Bradypodion</i> </a>	Gray	1865	Small	Live	Unknown	<i>Bradypodion melanocephalum</i> is considered to be part of the <i>B. pumilum</i> complex and is considered a subspecies of <i>B. pumilum</i> by Klaver and Boehme (1997) although Raw (1976) and Necas (1999) have given it species status. <i>B. melanocephalum</i> is found among the trees, bushes and grass and reed stalks of dry forest regions along the eastern coasts of the Cape and Natal Provinces of South Africa as far north as southern Mozambique. this species appears to be locally abundant. The low casque curves upward and narrows at its posterior end. The dorsal crest extends onto the tail but it is only weakly developed, composed of small, compressed tubercles. The gular crest is not well developed and is composed or small, conical tubercles or small, scaled skin flaps. Body scalation is largely granular but with two irregular rows of enlarged, flattened tubercular scales along the flanks. Total length 5-6 inches. The interstitial skin of the gular region is white. Basic body coloration is bown but the shades are variable. When sleeping it is a paler shade of brownish grey. Colors darken during sexual and agonistic encounters. <i>B. melanocephalum</i> has up to 12 live young born in a single clutch. Number of clutches per year is unknown. (Contributed by E. Pollak) <b>References</b> Klaver, C. & W. Böhme. 1997. Chamaeleonidae. Das Tierreich, 112: i-xiv' 1 - 85. Verlag Walter de Gruyter & Co., Berlin, New York. Necas, P. 1999. Chameleons: Nature's Hidden Jewels. Krieger Publishing Company, Malabar, FL. Raw, L. R. G., 1976. A survey of the dwarf chameleons of Natal, South Africa, with descriptions of three new species (Sauria: Chamaeleonidae), Durban Museum Novitates 11 (7): 139-161.
97	Rhampholeon		temporalis	None	<i>Chamaeleon (Brookesia) temporalis, Chamaeleom temporalis, Brookesia temporalis.</i> For alternate genus names <a href="tax.asp?id=6">click here for a species list of <i>Rhampholeon</i> </a>	Matschie	1892	Small	Eggs	Expert	<i>Rhampholeon temporalis</i> is a pygmy chameleon known only from the Usambara Mountains of Tanzania. They are found in the leaf litter and grasses of the rain forest floor. Less than 4 inches in total length, virtually nothing is known of their husbandry although although they should probably be treated similarly to other <i>Rhampholeon</i> and <i>Brookesia</i> species. (Contributed by E. Pollak) <b>References</b>Klaver, C. & W. Böhme. 1997. Chamaeleonidae. Das Tierreich, 112: i-xiv' 1 - 85. Verlag Walter de Gruyter & Co., Berlin, New York. Martin, J., 1992. Masters of Disguise: A Natural History of Chameleons. Facts On File, Inc., New York, NY. Necas, P. 1999. Chameleons: Nature's Hidden Jewels. Krieger Publishing Company, Malabar, FL.
99	Calumma		furcifer	Fork-nosed Chameleon	<i>Chamaeleo furcifer, Chamaeleon furcifer, Chamaeleon chauvini</i>	Vaillany & Grandidier	1880	Small	Eggs	Unknown	The fork-nosed chameleon is one of the smaller members of the genus <i>Calumma</i>, reaching a total length of only 5-6 inches. C. furcifer inhabits the grass tufts and and bushes of the rainforests of eastern and central Madagascar. The head is smooth with lateral and parietal crests only weakly developed or absent. A raised casque is absent although weakly developed occipital lobes are present. Males exhibit a forked rostral process covered with enlarged, plate-like scales. Both sexes lack gular and ventral crests but a dorsal crest of regularly spaced conical scales is present. Basic body coloration varies from brown to green with a rust to cream-colored stripe extending along the flanks from just behind the head to the area above the hind legs. Two darker spots may be present along this stripe. A double white line appears on the ventrum, extending from the throat to middle of the tail. Virtually nothing is known about the captive husbandry of this species. (Contributed by E. Pollak) <b>References</b> Klaver, C. & W. Böhme. 1997. Chamaeleonidae. Das Tierreich, 112: i-xiv' 1 - 85. Verlag Walter de Gruyter & Co., Berlin, New York. Martin, J., 1992. Masters of Disguise: A Natural History of Chameleons. Facts On File, Inc., New York, NY. Necas, P. 1999. Chameleons: Nature's Hidden Jewels. Krieger Publishing Company, Malabar, FL.
100	Chamaeleo	Trioceros	incornutus	None	<i>Chamaeleon incornutus</i> For alternate genus names <a href="tax.asp?id=9">click here for a species list of <i>Chamaeleo</i> </a>	Loveridge	1932	Small	Live	Unknown	<i>C. incornutus</i> is a small to medium sized chameleon, growing to less than 8 inches. It inhabits bushes in montane rainforests of the Ukinge, Ubena, Rungwe and Poroto Mountain ranges of Tanzania. The casque bears large occipital lobes and a low dorsal crest is present. The dorsal crest is composed of relatively widely spaced, highly modified conical scales. Basic body coloration is a lichen-colored green with three large, irregular dark brown blotches both above and below an irregular green stripe running from the head to the tail in the dorsal portion of the flanks. <i>C. incornutus</i> is ovoviviparous although Necas (1999) erroneously lists it as oviparous. Other than it's mode of parity, little is known concerning the captive husbandry of this species. (Contributed by E. Pollak.) <b>References</b> Klaver, C. & W. Böhme. 1997. Chamaeleonidae. Das Tierreich, 112: i-xiv' 1 - 85. Verlag Walter de Gruyter & Co., Berlin, New York. Martin, J., 1992. Masters of Disguise: A Natural History of Chameleons. Facts On File, Inc., New York, NY. Necas, P. 1999. Chameleons: Nature's Hidden Jewels. Krieger Publishing Company, Malabar, FL.
101	Calumma		cucullata	Hooded Chameleon	<i>Chamaeleon cucullatus, Chamaeleo cucullatus</i>	Gray	1831	Medium	Eggs	Unknown	<i>Calumma cucullata</i> is a rarely seen species that inhabits bushes and trees of the northeastern Malagasy rainforest. Reaching a total length of 15 inches, its most prominent features are the large, fused occipital lobes. Males differ from females in having a grayer coloration. The females have a more greenish cast. Both sexes may exhibit a cream colored longitudinal stripe extending from just above the shoulder to the tail base. In males, this stripe may also have a second, more reddish-yellow band. (Contributed by E. Pollak) <b>References</b> Klaver, C. & W. Böhme. 1997. Chamaeleonidae. Das Tierreich, 112: i-xiv' 1 - 85. Verlag Walter de Gruyter & Co., Berlin, New York. Martin, J., 1992. Masters of Disguise: A Natural History of Chameleons. Facts On File, Inc., New York, NY. Necas, P. 1999. Chameleons: Nature's Hidden Jewels. Krieger Publishing Company, Malabar, FL.
102	Brookesia		exarmata	None	None	Schimmenti & Jesu	1996	Small	Eggs	Unknown	<i>Brookesia exarmata</i> is a tiny, dwarf species from the Tsingy de Bemaraha where they occur sympatrically with <i>Brookesia brygooi</i> and <i>Brookesia perarmata</i>. Because this species was only described in 1996, there is virtually no information available on its captive husbandry. (Contributed by Olaf Pronk.) <b>References</b> Necas, P. 1999. Chameleons: Nature's Hidden Jewels. Krieger Publishing Company, Malabar, FL.
103	Brookesia		stumpffi	Staechelchamaeleon	None	Boettger	1894	Small	Eggs	Expert	<i>Brookesia stumpffi</i> is most commoly found in the leaf litter and rotting tre trunks of the rain forest floor of Nosy Be Island and northwester Madagascar. This is one of the larger members of the <i>Brookesia</i>, attaining a total length of 3.5-4 inches. It is also one of the few <i>Brookesia</i> known to colonize disturbed habitats such as plantations. <i>B. Stumpffi</i> resembles the dead leaves among which they live. The head is flattened and the rear of the casque is adorned with spinose projections. The orbital crests are well developed and their edges are somewhat scalloped. A row of thorn-like projections runs down either side of the dorsum, from a few millimeters behind the casque to the proximal 1/4 of the tail. The basic body coloration is typically brown, gray, drab green, or rust but orange specimens are also observed on occasion. Indistinct, yellowish spots are also possible. During courtship, males may adopt a mottled, "lichen-like" appearance but otherwise the the color changing ability, as with most members of the <i>Brookesia</i>, is not well developed. Males may be distinguished by their more slender body shape and the appearance of a hemipenal bulge. In their natural habitat, temperatures vary from day time highs of 75-85F to night time lows of 40-60F. However, ambient temperatures may not provide the best evidence of this species' temperature requirements because the leaf litter almost certainly buffers against the extremes. That same microclimate of the leaf litter tends to maintain humidity at high levels of 70-100%. Intraspecific aggression, particularly among males, is well developed and no more than one male should be housed with one or a small grop of females. Interestingly, this species has been known to "buzz", producing infrasnic vibrations such as has been reported by Barnett, <i>et al.</i> (1999) for the veiled chameleon. Oviposition of 2-5 eggs occurs approximately 40 days after mating and hatching occurs after 7-10 weeks at temperatures between 65-75F. The hatchlings require very small prey items including springtails, <i>Drosophila melanogaster</i> and newly hatched (pinhead) crickets. Lifespan may be as long as 3-4 years. <b>References</b> Barnett, K. E., Cocroft, R. B. and Fleishman, L. J. 1999. Possible Communication by Substrate Vibration in a Chameleon. <i>Copeia</i>, 225-228. Klaver, C. & W. Böhme. 1997. Chamaeleonidae. Das Tierreich, 112: i-xiv' 1 - 85. Verlag Walter de Gruyter & Co., Berlin, New York. Martin, J., 1992. Masters of Disguise: A Natural History of Chameleons. Facts On File, Inc., New York, NY. Necas, P. 1999. Chameleons: Nature's Hidden Jewels. Krieger Publishing Company, Malabar, FL.
104	Calumma		boettgeri	Boettger's Chameleon	<i>Chamaeleon boettgeri, Chamaeleo macrorhinus, Chamaeleon boettgeri</i>	Boulenger	1888	Small	Eggs		Growing to a length of only 5 inches, Boettger's chameleon is one of the smallest of the true chameleons (subfamily Chamaeleonidae) and a member of the <i>Calumma nasuta</i> complex. Indigenous to Nosy Be Island and northern Madagascar, they inhabit bushes and trees of the forest fringe. The flattened head has only a rudimentary casque. It may be distinguished from <i>C. nasuta</i> by its better developed, fused occipital lobes and by the minimal dorsal crest. The rostral process is a laterally compressed extension of the canthi rostralis. Basic body coloration ranges from brown to brownish-green to brownish yellow. The head and rostral process may possess exquisite blue spots. Cage temperatures should mimic those of the wild with daily highs varying between the mid 70s and 80s F with a drop of 10-15 F recommended. Cages should be well planted to help maintain a high humidity of 70-80% for at least part of the day. Daily misting is important. Interspecific aggression is well developed an single caging should be employed. Oviposition of 4-5 eggs occurs approximately 45 days after mating and hatching occurs approximately 90 days later with incubation at 71-75 F. Sexual maturity occurs at approximately 9 months of age. (Contributed by E. Pollak) <b>References</b> Klaver, C. & W. Böhme. 1997. Chamaeleonidae. Das Tierreich, 112: i-xiv' 1 - 85. Verlag Walter de Gruyter & Co., Berlin, New York. Martin, J., 1992. Masters of Disguise: A Natural History of Chameleons. Facts On File, Inc., New York, NY. Necas, P. 1999. Chameleons: Nature's Hidden Jewels. Krieger Publishing Company, Malabar, FL.
105	Chamaeleo	Trioceros	harennae	None	None. For alternate genus names <a href="tax.asp?id=9">click here for a species list of <i>Chamaeleo</i> </a>	Largen	1986	Small			A small chameleon known only from the trees and bushes of the Bale Mountains of Ethiopia. Mode of partity is as yet unknown. <b>References</b> Klaver, C. & W. Böhme. 1997. Chamaeleonidae. Das Tierreich, 112: i-xiv' 1 - 85. Verlag Walter de Gruyter & Co., Berlin, New York. Necas, P. 1999. Chameleons: Nature's Hidden Jewels. Krieger Publishing Company, Malabar, FL.
107	Bradypodion		adolfifriderici		<i>Chamaeleon adolfi-friderici, Chamaeleo adolfi-friderici, Chamaeleo adolfifriderici.</i> For alternate genus names <a href="tax.asp?id=3">click here for a species list of <i>Bradypodion</i> </a>	Sternfeld	1912	Small	Eggs	Unknown	A small chamleon from Rwanda, Uganda and Eastern Zaire (Democratic Republic of the Congo). A dorsal crest of conical scales ioften (but not always) present on the anterior half of the back. Basic body coloration is green with black spots. The green of green may vary from quite dark under stressful conditions to a light green. Said to be similar to <i>Bradypodion tenue</i>. The low casque is only weakly developed. Enlarged tubercular or conical scales may be present on the lateral and parietal ridges of the casque (Contributed by E. Pollak.) <b>References</b> Klaver, C. & W. Böhme. 1997. Chamaeleonidae. Das Tierreich, 112: i-xiv' 1 - 85. Verlag Walter de Gruyter & Co., Berlin, New York. Martin, J., 1992. Masters of Disguise: A Natural History of Chameleons. Facts On File, Inc., New York, NY. Necas, P. 1999. Chameleons: Nature's Hidden Jewels. Krieger Publishing Company, Malabar, FL. Photo courtesy of: <b>Robert C. Drewes, Ph.D., USA</b> <a href="http://www.calacademy.org/research/herpetology/frogs/">http://www.calacademy.org/research/herpetology/frogs/</a>
108	Rhampholeon		boulengeri	Boulenger's Chameleon	<i>Brookesia spectrum boulengeri, Rhampholeon spectrum goulengeri (ex errore)</i>. For alternate genus names <a href="tax.asp?id=6">click here for a species list of <i>Rhampholeon</i> </a>	Steindachner	1911	Small	Eggs	Expert	Broadly distributed throughout east Africa, <i>R. boulengeri</i> has been reported from Eastern Zaire (Democratic Republic of the Congo), Rwanda, Burundi, Uganda, Kenya, and Tanzania. It inhabitats the leaf litter and grasses of the rain forest floor. Once considered a subspecies of <i>R. spectrum.</i> (Contributed by E. Pollak.) <b>References</b> Klaver, C. & W. Böhme. 1997. Chamaeleonidae. Das Tierreich, 112: i-xiv' 1 - 85. Verlag Walter de Gruyter & Co., Berlin, New York. Necas, P. 1999. Chameleons: Nature's Hidden Jewels. Krieger Publishing Company, Malabar, FL. Photos courtesy of: <b>Robert C. Drewes, Ph.D., USA</b> <a href="http://www.calacademy.org/research/herpetology/frogs/">http://www.calacademy.org/research/herpetology/frogs/</a>
109	Brookesia		antakarana	None	None. For alternate genus names <a href="tax.asp?id=5">click here for a species list of <i>Brookesia</i> </a>	Raxworthy & Nussbaum	1995	Small	Eggs	Experienced	<i>B.antakarana</i> inhabits the grass tufts and rain forest floor. Similar to <i>B. thieli</i>, both B.antakarana and B.thieli often have 11 pairs of dorsolateral "spines", not counting the pointed projections of the pelvic shield. <i>B.antakarana</i> is MUCH larger than <i>thieli. B.thieli</i> has a more rounded body. <i>B.antakarana</i> is more vertically compressed and has typically thin "lines" along the sides of the body. <i>B.thieli</i> comes from Eastern Central Madagascar and <i>B.antakarana</i> from the Mtge. d'Ambre in the extreme north. Many <i>B.thieli</i> are in the trade but few <i>B.antakarana</i> are seen. Contributed by Olaf Pronk. <b>References</b> Klaver, C. & W. Böhme. 1997. Chamaeleonidae. Das Tierreich, 112: i-xiv' 1 - 85. Verlag Walter de Gruyter & Co., Berlin, New York. Necas, P. 1999. Chameleons: Nature's Hidden Jewels. Krieger Publishing Company, Malabar, FL.
110	Chamaeleo	Trioceros	affinis	Ethiopian Mountain Chameleon	<i>Chamaeleon abyssinicus, Chamaeleon affinis</i> For alternate genus names <a href="tax.asp?id=9">click here for a species list of <i>Chamaeleo</i> </a>	Ruppell	1845	Small	Live	Expert	A small chameleon of the Ethiopian plateau, <i>C. affinis</i> grows to slightly over 7 inches. The casque is poorly developed. A small dorsal crest of enlarged conical scales continues from the cervical region through the rostral part of the tail. The gular crest is a unique arrangement of two parallel rows of enlarged, soft scales. A small ventral crest of enlarged white scales is present. Scalation is largely homogeneous. Basic body coloration ranges from very light to very dark greens often with white and rust-colored markings, especially in females and in the more excited states. Yellows and blues may also be present. Males are more robust in form and have a hemipenal bulge. Temperatures in its home range vary from highs of 85F to lows of 32F but more commonly between 15 and 75F. <i>C. affinis</i> is often erroneously thought of as a resident of an arid habitat. However, humidity is typically near or above 50% and often much higher. <i>C. affinis</i> inhabits dense stands of grasses, bushes and low trees. The density of the vegetation permits relatively large populations to live in amn area. This species prefers flying insects to crickets and has stringent hydration requirements. Both misting and dripping are recommended. They have rarely been kept in captivity and the details of their husbandry remains sketchy. Twelve- 19 live young are typically born. Lifespan in captivity may be as long as 5 years. <b>References</b> Klaver, C. & W. Böhme. 1997. Chamaeleonidae. Das Tierreich, 112: i-xiv' 1 - 85. Verlag Walter de Gruyter & Co., Berlin, New York. Martin, J., 1992. Masters of Disguise: A Natural History of Chameleons. Facts On File, Inc., New York, NY. Necas, P. 1999. Chameleons: Nature's Hidden Jewels. Krieger Publishing Company, Malabar, FL.